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1.重复法
有时，为了强调或使行文生动，往往需要对一些关键词加以重复，以便给读者留下深刻的印象。Gentlemen may cry peace, peace---but there is no peace.1.1 英译汉
英语和汉语中都有省略现象。英语多按语法形式省略以避免重复，多省略所有格、形容词和介词后面的名词，助动词、不定式后面的动词，系动词后面的表语，主谓一致时的主语或谓语等。译成汉语时，这些省略掉的词语往往要补上，这就构成了汉语的重复。1.1.1 原文为省略表达
They seek to attract, retain and develop other people to their full abilities.他们设法吸引大家，留住他们，并使他们充分发挥才能。
Let’s make joint efforts to build a peaceful, beautiful and prosperous new world.让我们共同努力，建立一个和平的新世界、美丽的新世界和繁荣富强的新世界。1）重复英语名词
The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.医生从我身上得到的实践，会比从1700个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。I don’t like chocolate icecream, I prefer vanilla.我不喜欢巧克力冰淇淋，我更喜欢香草冰淇琳。2）重复英语动词
Our goal is to improve the productivity as well as the income of the farmers.我们的目的是提高生产力，同时，还要提高农民的收入。
They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American.他们想要确定，他是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。1.1.2.原文为替代结构
英语中的替代结构主要有代词、替代词so、替代动词do等。英语往往用代词来替代上文刚出现过的名词，而汉语则更习惯于重复名词。英语中的代动词及代动词词组，如do、do so、do it 等，在译成汉语时往往用重复法译成动词。另外，英语中的替代句型，如if so、“so do +主语”等，也常用重复法译成汉语。1）重复句中被代词替代的名词
Happy families also had their own trouble.幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.一切物体都有分子组成，分子又是由原子组成。
He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败、并且藐视别人的失败。
If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral.如果一个原子含有三个质子，这个原子必然有三个电子，使之不带电荷。2）重复英语中做先行词的名词
英语中的定语从句常用关系词引导，关系词 有两个语法功能：（1）它代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词）；（2）它在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有先行词，因此，在英译汉时，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。此外，英语中的同位语在英译汉时也可以重复先行词。
He achieved a preternatural level of performance with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which under his direction became the best in the world.他与柏林爱乐管弦乐团合作，演奏达到了超凡的水平。乐团在他的指挥下，也成为举世之冠。Jephthah, however, who was a good deal of a fanatic, accepted no apologies, and would not listen to explanation.可是，耶弗他很固执，不接受任何道歉，也不听任何辩解。
All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hoste’s ultimate aim.所有这些安排都只是这次舞会的序曲，舞会才是女主人的最终目的。3）英语中关系代词或关系副词whoeverwheneverwherever等的重复 Whoever breaks the law should be punished.谁犯了法，谁就应该受到惩罚。
You may take whichever of the four paintings you like best.这四幅画你最喜欢哪一幅，就拿哪一幅吧。4）英语中的替代句型
If you buy a microwave stove to cook, it will bring you more convenience and save you more time in cooking.I myself did so last year.如果你买一个微波炉来做饭，将会更方便、更省时。我去年就买了一个。1.1.3.其他情况的重复
1）英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种内容上而不是形式上的重复手段。He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.他想多给他们增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。
To him, the birds sang, the squirrel chattered and the flowers bloomed.鸟儿向他歌唱，松鼠对他絮语，花儿也为他开放。He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.他既精于飞行，又善于导航。
There has been no radio, TV, or pre mention of this piece of news.对于这则消息，既没有电台广播，也没有电视报导，在报刊上也没有相关文章发表。2）英语原文中有词的重复，在译成汉语是也可以用同义词进行重复 They would study and re-study the basketball technique.他们往往一遍又一遍地反复琢磨篮球的技战术。
I know you hate me and I hate you, we had better part right now.我知道你恨我，我也嫌你，咱们最好此刻就分手吧。
1.2 汉译英
为了再现原文中的强调语气和特殊的修辞手段，汉译英时偶尔会用重复法这个词汇翻译技巧。
这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！
This is the springtime for the revolution, this is the springtime for the people, this is the springtime for science!中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, whether it concerns the Chinese or foreigners, whether it concerns the dead or the living.2.省略法
省略法是与增词法相对
省略是指在表达形式上不译原文中的某些词汇，在内容并上没有删去原文相应部分的信息。2.1 英译汉 2.1.1.省略代词
Simon wheeler never smiled, he never frowned, he never changed his voice from the gentle-flowing key to which he turned his initial sentence, he never betrayed the slightest suspicion of enthusiasm.西蒙·惠勒一直没有笑一笑，一直没有周一皱眉头，一直没有改变一下声音，他始终保持着开始说第一句话时所用的那种细水长流似的音调，一直没有丝毫起劲的表现。
I cried, in bed alone, and couldn’t stop.I buried my head under the quilts, but my aunt heard me.我一个人躺在床上哭呀哭的止不住。我把头埋在被窝里，可是我的婶婶还是听见了。In South America there are many little magazines and they are widely read.在南美洲，有许多刊物规模虽小单发行量却很大。2.1.2.省略非人称的活强调句中的it Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
It was the wee hours of the morning before Stefano returned to the hotel.斯蒂芬诺回到酒店时，已是清晨时分。
It was someone called Mary Jordan whom I was asking about.我要打听的是个名叫玛丽·乔丹的人。2.1.3.省略冠词
The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance.现在，人们仍未认识到风俗习惯的重要性。
In a time of calm he would never as a speaker have succeeded in gaining a prominent position;but that was not a time of calm.在太平无事时期，作为演说家他绝不可能赢得卓越的地位。但是，当时并不是太平时期啊。They welcomed the General at the airport.他们在机场欢迎了将军。2.1.4.省略介词
1）省略表示时间的介词
In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.1956年7月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。
The people’s RepubLic of China was founded in 1949.The mother sub was cruising near Wake Island on December2 when we heard hostilities were to begin on December 7.12月2日，我们的亩艇正在威克岛附近巡航，这时，我们听说战争要在12月7日打起来。2）省略表示地点的介词
Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。
Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country.该国各地目前怨声载道。Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。2.1.5.省略连接词
If you remember these points, it will help you.记住这几点，对你们会有帮助。
Doctors confront such choices often and urgently.医生们常常面临这种非常紧迫的选择。
Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.她因那病开过两次刀后，身体十分虚弱，就几乎站不起来。2.1.6.根据汉语的表达习惯省略一些可有可无的词汇或短语
As agriculture became more dependent upon markets, the cultivation of new lands and application of new technology accelerated production when market conditions were favorable to farmers.农业越来越依赖市场，当市场条件对农民有利时，新土地的开垦和新技术的应用便加速了生产的发展。
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。
Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me.那是打我并让无挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，二十老老少少各式各样的人。In the course of the same year, war broke out in that area.同年，该地区爆发了战争。
He was smooth and agreeable to meet.他待人处世八面玲珑。
2.2 汉译英
1981年何振梁当选为国际奥委会委员，1985年再次当选为国际奥委会执行委员，1989年最终当选为国际奥委会副主席。
He Zhenliang was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee in 1981, a member of the Executive Committee of the International Olympic Committee in 1985 and vice-chairman of the international Olympic Committee in 1989.野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。
Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.泰勒斯认为水是万物之始，阿那克西米尼认为空气是万物之始；郝拉克里特认为火是万物之始。
Thales thought water was the beginning of everything, Anaximenes air, Heraclitus fire.要是下三天的雨，难道我就在这儿住三天不成？ Shall I stay here for 3 days if it rains that long.他们对国家做的贡献要比我们所作的贡献要大得多。
They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.在抗日战争中，八路军和中国人民组成了一道铜墙铁壁。
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Chinese people and the Communistled Eighth Route Army built up a bastion of iron(or: a wall of bronze).2.2.2.省略汉语中的虚词或概括性词语 汉语中不少虚词如“就”、“又”、“还”、“都”，概括性名词如“情况”、“情景|”、“观点”、“面貌”、“事业”、“精神”、“质量”等等，都可以在译成英语时省略掉。她的朋友们听说她家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。
After learning about her family difficulties, al her friends offered her a helping hand.师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学质量的提高。
The closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.我还鲜明地记得和周恩来总理第一次见面时的情景。
I still remember clearly my first meeting with Premier Zhou Enlai.无数先烈为中国的革命事业献出了生命。
Countle martyrs have laid down their lives for the Chinese revolution.他得到硕士学位后一直从事电脑软件的开发研究工作。
3.词类转换法
英汉两种语言的语法规范和用词规律有许多明显差异。汉语是没有形态变化的语言，而英语是有形态变化的，一个汉语单词可以有好几个不同词性或形态的英语单词与之对应。例如：汉语中的“发明”一词和两个英语单词invent（动词）和inventation（名词）相对应。另外，英汉两种语言的句型和用词规律也各不相同。英语的一个句子里只能有一个谓语动词，或者两个或两个以上的并列谓语动词。而汉语则允许连动。例如，在英语里，以下的句型被认定为连动错误：There are some children play in the garden.而在汉语里以下的句型则被认为是合乎语法规范的：“有几个小孩在花园里玩耍。”汉语中动词的使用相当频繁，而英语中介词的使用极其灵活。因此，为了使译文符合译入语的语法规范和用词规律，在翻译过程中，经常要用到词类转换法。以下介绍英汉互译时词类转换的几种主要情况。3.1英译汉
3.1.1.其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语动词
汉语是典型的“动态性”语言，对动词的依赖性很强，往往一个句子里就有三四个动词，而且这些动词很少可以用其他词替代。相比之下，英语则是较为“静态”的语言，一个动作或状态，不但可以用动词表示，而且还可以用形容词、副词、名词等词类表示。因此，在英译汉时，往往需要根据语境把其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语动词。例如：
The seizure of American hostages in Iran sharpened the pain of national humiliation.伊朗方面扣押美国公民作为人质，这更让所有美国人倍感耻辱。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已被用来探索宇宙。
I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我认为我的小弟弟比我教得好。
Exercise, fresh air and sleep are eential for the preservation of health.锻炼、新鲜空气和睡眠是保持健康所必需的。
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, acro the verandah, and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台进了门廊。A force is needed to move an object against inertia.要是物体克服惯性而运动，就需要有一个力。He was ignorant of how to expre his gratitude.他不知道该如何表达自己的感激之情。3.1.2.其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语名词 在英译汉中，第二类常见的是将其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语名词，例如： He is ideally fitted for the position.他是这个职位的理想人选。
Everyone has a duty to extend a helping hand to the poor.人人都有义务向穷人伸出援助之手。
John and James are brothers.The former is a teacher;the latter is an engineer.约翰和詹姆斯师兄弟关系。前者则是教师；后者是工程师。
The tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.尽管制造这些工具的人早已尸骨无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。He is physically week but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但心智健全。
3.1.3.其他词类的英语单词转换为汉语形容词
由于英、汉表达习惯的差异，在英译汉时，有时需要把英语中的名词、副词等转换为汉语中的形容词，例如：
The increasing prosperity of China has brought pride to all Chinese people in the world.中国日益繁荣昌盛，这令全世界华人都为之骄傲。I most heartily wish you every succe.我衷心地祝福你事事成功。
If westerners think they are healthy eaters, they will have to think again.如果西方人觉得自己吃的很健康，那他们得好好反思一下。Joyce poees mind of childlike simplicity.乔伊斯有着孩子般天真的头脑。3.1.4.其他此类转换为汉语副词
在英译汉时，为便于表达，有时会把其他此类转换为汉语副词，例如：
Yachtsmen vying for the America’s Cup practiced their maneuvers in dead earnest.争夺美洲杯的赛艇运动员们极其认真地练习着每一项动作。
I have the honor to inform you that you are elected the mayor of this city.我荣幸的通知您，您当选为了本市的市长。
His readine to accept the invitation cheated all that were present that day.他欣然接受了邀请，骗过了在场的所有人。
He told us, with sincerity, how he was eager to learn.他诚恳的告诉我们他是多么渴望学习。
3.2.汉译英
3.2.1.把汉语的动词转换为英语的其他词类
由于汉语是“动态性”的语言，定语较少、短句较多，在汉译英时往往需要把中文的动词转换为英语的名词、形容词、介词等等，例如： 知识是人类创造的。
Human beings are the creators of knowledge.科学家们花了很多年时间才发明了宇宙飞船。
The invention of a spaceship took scientists many years.他们也笑着泼水回敬。
They splashed back laughingly.林则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁。
Lin Zexu believed that a succeful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the drug itself.3.2.2.把汉语的其他词类转换为英语的名词 由于英文中抽象名词较多，在汉译英时，常常需要把汉语的形容词或动词等词类转换为英语中的抽象名词，例如：
土豆、芥末、生菜、黄瓜之类都是居家生活每天都少不了的。
Tomatoes, mustard, lettuce and cucumbers and the like are neceities in daily life.（秦岭血雉）由于数量稀少、环境适应性差，迄今未见饲养展出。
Due to their scarcity and inability to adapt to new environments, no blood pheasant has been raised in any zoo so far.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.这所大学是600多年前创办的。
The foundation of this university took place over 600 years ago.
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