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张彤禾
HI，So I'd like to talk little bit about the people 嗨，今天我想来探讨一下
Who make the things we use every day;这些为我们制造日常用品的人们：
Our shoes，our handbags,our computers and cell phones, 例如我们的鞋子，手提包，电脑，还有手机。
Now, this is a conversatuon that often calls up a lot of guilt.这个话题时常让我们觉得很内疚。
Imagine the teenage farm girl who makes le than 想象一下，一个年轻的农村女孩给你缝制跑步鞋 a dollar an hour stitching your running shoes, 可每个小时还赚不到一美金，Or the young Chinese man who jumps off a rooftop 又或者是那个加班为你组装ipad的中国小伙子 after working overtime aembling your ipad 在加班之后从楼上跳了下来。
We，the beneficiaries of globalization,seem to exploit 我们，是全球化的受益者，These victims with every purchase we make, 可每笔交易却似乎都是在剥削那些受害者，and the injustice 而这种不公平
Feels embedded in the products themselves.似乎也深深烙印在这些产品之中。
After all, what’s wrong with the world in which a worker 总而言之，这个世界到底怎么了？
On an iphone aembly line can’t even afford to buy one? 一个在组装iphone 生产线上的员工却买不起一台iphone？ It's taken for granted that chinese factories are oppreive, 人们理所当然地认为，中国的工厂就是应该被压榨的，And that it’s our desire for cheap goods 因为我们渴求便宜的产品 That makes them so。造成了这样的局面。
So,this simple narrative equating Weatern demand 很显然，西方社会的需求
And Chinese suffering is appealing, 和中国人对他们遭遇的申诉被连接在一起，especially at a time when many of us already feel guilty 尤其是当我们中的很多人已经因为我们对世界影响 About our impact on the world, 而感到了内疚，But it's also inaccurate and disrespectful.然而，这是不正确的，也是不尊重他人的。
We must be peculiarly self-obseed to imagine that we 我们极其自恋地去想象着
Have the power to drive tens of millions of people 我们有力量去操控地球另一边
On the other side of the world to migrate and suffer.千万的人民，让他们以如此可怕的方式 In such terrible ways.去遭受痛苦或者迁移。
In fact, China makes goods for markets all over the world, 事实上，中国制造的产品遍布全球，Including its own, thanks to a combination of factors: 也包括他们自己的市场，这要归结于许多因素的综合： Its low costs，its large and educated workforce, 低成本，大量受过教育的劳动力，And a flexible manufacturing system 还有有弹性的工作制度
That responds quickly to market demands.这些都快速地迎合了市场的需求。
By focusing so much on ourselves and our gadgets, 我们因为太专注于我们自身和产品上，We have rendered the individuals on the other end 所以忽视了产业链另一端的个体的存在 Into invisibility, as tiny and interchangeable 将他们看成是可以随时被替换的，微小的 as the parts of a mobile phone.像手机零件那样。
Chinese workers are not forced into factories 中国工人并不是因为我们对于ipods 的无限渴求 Because of our insatiable desire for ipods.而被迫进入工厂的。
They choose to leave their homes in order to earn money, 他们选择背井离乡，是为了赚钱，to learn new skills.and to see the world.为了学习新的技能，以为为了看看这个世界。In the ongoing debate about globalization, what’s 在全球化发展趋势的辩论中
been miing is the voices of the workers themselves.我们缺失的，是聆听工人们自己的声音。Here are a few.以下就是一些例子。
Baoyongxiu：”My mother tells me to come home 包永秀（音译）说：“我妈妈让我回家结婚
and get married,but if i marry now,before i have fully 但是如果我还没有让自己的得到充分的发展
developed myself, i can only marry an ordinary worker, 就结婚，我只能嫁给一个平凡的工人，So i’m not in a rush”
所以我根本不着急。”
Chen Ying: “When I went home for the new year, 陈颖（音译）说：“我过年回家的时候 everyone said I had changed.They asked me, 每个人都说我变了，他们问我：
What did you do that you have changed so much? 你怎么会有这么大的改变？
I told them that studied and worked hard.If you tell them 我告诉他们，我很努力地学习和工作，more,they won’t understand anyway.”
即便你想给他们讲更多，他们反正也不能理解。” Wu Chunming:”Even if i make a lot of money, 吴春明（音译）：“即使我赚了很多钱 It won’t satisfy me.也无法满足我自己。
Just to make money is not enough meaning in life.” 赚钱并不是生活全部的意义。”
XiaoJin:”Now, after i get off work, i study English, 肖金（音译）说：“现在我下班以后，就会去学英语 Because in the future，our customers won't 因为在不久的将来，我们的客户将不仅仅是中国人，be only Chinese,so we must learn more languages.” 所以，我们需要学习更多的语言。”
All of these speakers,by the way, are young women, 以上的话，都是出自一些年轻女孩的口，18 or 19 years old.他们仅仅18、19岁。
So I spent two years getting to know aembly line workers 因此，我花了两年的时间去了解流水工作线上的工人们 Like these in the south China factory city called Dongguan.例如在中国南部的一个工业城市——东莞。Certain subjects came up over and over: 有一些主要的问题不断的重复着： How much money they made, 他们到底赚了多少钱，what kind of husband they hoped to marry, 他们想要嫁给怎样的人，Whether they should jump to another factory 他们是否想要跳槽
Or stay where they were.还是留在一个工厂内。
Other subjects came up almost never, including 另一些话题，则几乎不被提起
living conditions that to me looked close to prison life;例如：在我眼中如牢狱般的生活条件 10 or 15 workers in one room，10-15个工人住在一个房间里，50 people sharing a single bathroom, 50个人公用一个厕所，days and nights ruled by the factory clock.日以继夜地按照工厂的要求来作息。
Everyone they knew lived in similar circumstances, 他们每一个人都知道，即便是住在如此的环境里面 And it was still better than the dormitories and homes 也会比他们在中国农村的老家的条件 of rural China。好得多
They workers rarely spoke about the products they made, 工人们很少谈论他们制造的产品，And they often had great difficulty explaining 他们往往很难解释清楚 What exactly they did.他们到底做了什么。When I asked Lu Qingmin, 我访问了吕清明（音译）
The young woman I got to know best, 这个年轻的女孩是我最了解的，what exactly she did on the factory floor, 我问她她在工厂里到底从事什么工作
She said something to me in Chinese that sounded like 他用中文告诉我，听起来像是 “qiu xi”
“秋西”。
Only much later did I realize that she had been saying 很久以后，我才知道她说的是 “QC,” or quality control.“QC”，也就是质量监控。
She couldn’t even tell me what she did on the factory floor.她竟然都不能告诉我她在工厂里做的是什么。All she could do was parrot a garbled abbreviation 她能做的就只是模仿一个英文缩写的发音 In a language she didn’t even understand.而这个语言是她根本就不懂的。
Karl Marx saw this as the tragedy of capitalism, 马克思认为这就是资本主义的悲哀
the alienation of the worker from the product of his labor.疏远了工人与他们所制造的产品。
Unlike,say, a traditional maker of shoes or cabinets, 与传统的鞋匠或者木匠不同，The worker in an industrial factory has no control, 工人在工厂没有控制权，No pleasure,and no true satisfaction or understanding 在她所做的工作中，没有快乐，In her own work.没有真正的满足或理解。
But like so many theories that Marx arrived at 但同许多马克思
Sitting in the reading room of the British Museum, 坐在英国图书馆的阅读室里想出来理论一样，He got this one wrong.这一点，他错了。
Just because a person spends her time 仅仅因为一个人用她的时间
Making a piece of something does not mean 去制造一件物品，并不代表
that she becomes that,a piece of something.她就变成了这件物品
What she does with the money she earns, 她用她赚的钱去做了什么
What she learns in that place,and how it changes her, 她在那个地方学到了什么技能，以及她如何被改变 These are the things that matter.这些才是最重要的。
What a factory makes is never the point,and 一个工厂制造什么并非重点，The workers could not care le who buys their products.工人们也不在乎谁买了他们制造的产品。Journalistic coverage of Chinese factories, 记着报道了关于中国工厂的新闻
on the other hand,plays up this relationship 另一方面，也强调了
Between the workers and the products they make.工人与产品之前的联系。
Many articles calculate:How long would it take 很多文章都在计算：
For this worker to work in order to earn enough money 这些工人要工作多久，赚来的钱 To buy what he’s making? 才够买一件他们制作的产品？
For example,an entry-level-line aembly line worker 举个例子，一个初级组装生产线的工人
In china in an iphone plant would have to shell out 在中国组装iphone配件
Two and a half months wages for an iphone.要倾其2个半月的工资才能买一台iphone。But how meaningful is this calculation, really? 但说真的，这些计算有任何意义吗？ For example，I recently wrote an article 再举个例子，我最近写了一篇文章 In the New Yorker magazine.登在纽约客杂志上，But I can’t afford to buy an ad in it.但是也供不起我在杂志上登一个广告。
But,who cares?I don’t want an ad in the New Yorker, 但是，谁在乎？我不需要在纽约客上登广告
And most of these workers don’t really want iphones.其实，大部分的工人，也不是真的需要iphones。Their calculations are different.他们的计算方式是不同的。
How long should i stay in this factory? 我在工厂要待多久？
How much money can i save? 我能存多少钱？
How much will it take to buy an apartment or a car, 我需要多少钱才能买个房子，买辆车，To get married,or to put my child through school? 才能结婚，或者足以送我的小孩去学校？
The workers I got to know had a curiously abstract 这些我试图去了解的工人们
Relationship with the product of their labor.对他们和产品之间的联系有着很抽象的解读。About a year after I met Lu Qingmin, or Min，大概在我遇到陆青敏，也就是小敏的一年后 She invited me home to her family village 她邀请我去她农村的家做客 For the Chinese New Year。过春节。
On the train home,she gave me a present;在回家的火车上，她给了我一个礼物；
A Coach brand change purse with brown leather trim.一个棕色皮质的Coach牌零钱包。I thanked her,auming it was fake, 我谢了她，虽然我很自然地认为这应该是个山寨的产品，Like almost everything else for sale in Dongguan.就好像东莞在出售的大部分产品一样。
After we got home,Min gave her mother another present;回家以后，小敏给了她妈妈另一个礼物： A pink Dooney&Bourke handbag, 一个Dooney&Bourke牌的粉色手提包，And a few nights later, her sister was showing off 几天以后，她的姐姐正在展示 A maroon LeSportsac shoulder bag 一个红褐色的LeSportsac 单肩包。
Slowly it was dawning on me that these handbags 慢慢地，我好像明白了
Were made by their factory，这些东西都是她们工厂生产的And every single one of them authentic.每一件东西，都是正品
Min’s sister said to her parents, 小敏的姐姐告诉她父母
“In American,this bag sells for 320 dollars.” “在美国，这个包要卖320美金。”
Her parents, who are both farmers,looked on,speechle.她的的农民父母看了看，无言以对。
“And that’s not all--Coach is coming out with a new line, 还有，Coach 正在推出一系列新产品2191 2191，”she said，“One bag sell for 6000.” 她说：“这个好像要卖6000.”
She paused and said,”I don’t know if that’s 6000 yuan or 她停顿了一下：“我不知道是6000元人民币，还是 6000 American dollars，but anyway, it’s 6000.” 6000美元，无论如何都是6000啦。”
Min’s sister’s boyfriend,who have traveled home with her 小敏姐姐的男友也回到家 For the new year, said, 与她一起过年，“It doesn’t look like it’s worth that much.” 他说：“看起来不值这么多钱。”
Min’s sister turned to him and said,”some people actually 小敏的姐姐对他说：“有的人
Understand these things.You don’t understand shit.” 就是懂这些东西，你懂啥。”
In Min’s world, the Coach bags had a curious currency.在小敏的世界里，Coach包包有一个很奇怪的价值。They weren’t exactly worthle, but they were nothing 它们虽然不是一文不值，但是相比起它们的实际价值 Lose to the actual value,because almost no one they knew 还是相差甚远，因为他们所结识的人里面
Wanted to buy one, or knew how much it was worth.几乎没有人想要买，也没有人知道这值多少钱。Once,when Min’s older sister’s friend got married, 又一次，小敏大姐的一个朋友结婚
She brought a handbag along as a wedding present.她带着一个手提包作为给新人的礼物。Another time, after Min had already left 又一次，小敏已经离开手提包的工厂了
The handbag factory, her younger sister came to visit, 但她的小妹妹来看她的时候
Bringing two Coach Signature handbags as gifts.带了两个经典款Coach作为礼物。
and I found a printed card in English,which read, 看到一张卡片写着一些英文： “An American claic.“美国经典。
In 1941,the burnished patina 1941年那些表皮磨光的Of an all-American baseball glove 美国棒球手套
Inspired the founder of Coach to create 启发了Coach的创始人
a new collection of handbags from the same 促使其研发了一个新系列的手提包： Luxuriously soft gloved-hand leather.奢华、柔软的表面和手套的皮质一样。
Six skilled leather workers crafted 12 Signature handbags 6名技巧纯熟的皮革工人制造12只经典款手提包 With perfect proportions and a timele flair.他们有着精准而快速的手艺。
They were fresh，functional，and women everywhere 这些手提包新颖，具有相当的功能性，世界各地的女人都喜欢 Adored them.A new American claic was born.” 一个新的美国经典诞生了。”
I wonder what Karl Marx would have made of Min 我想知道马克思是否会被小敏 And her sisters.和她的姐妹所影响。
Their relationship with the product of their labor 她们与产品之间的关系
Was more complicated surprising and funny 更复杂、惊奇而且有趣
Than he could have imagined.这都超出他的想象。
And yet, his view of the world persists,and our tendency 但是，他对这个世界的观点没变，而我们却将 To see the workers as facele maes, 这些工人们看成是一群上不了台面的群体，To imagine that can know what they’re really thinking.想象一下，假如我们可以了解工人们的真实想法。The first time I met Min,she had just turned 18 我第一次见到小敏的时候，她刚满18岁 And quit her first job on the aembly line 她刚刚辞去在一家电子设备工厂的 Of an electronics factory.组装生产线的工作。
Over the next two years，I watched as she switched jobs 接下来的两年，我看着她换了5次工作，Five times,eventually landing a lucrative post 最后固定在一个比较赚钱的职位
In the purchasing department of a hardware factory。是在一个硬件工厂的采购部门。
Later，she married a fellow migrant worker，不久，她嫁给了一个打工仔，Moved with him to his village，然后移居到了他的村子，Gave birth to two daughters，生了两个女儿，And saved enough money to buy a secondhand Buick 他们存够了钱给她买了一辆二手别克车
For herself and an apartment for her parents。给她的父母买了房子。
She recently returned to Dongguan on her own 最近她独自回到东莞
to take a job n a factory that makes construction cranes, 在一个起重机工厂里找了份工作，Temporarily leaving her husband and children 暂时与她村里的丈夫和孩子 Back in the village.分局两地。
In a recent email to me,she explained, 在最近的一封邮件里，她解释：
“A person should have some ambition while she id young “人们年轻的时候，应该有所抱负
So that in old age she can look back on her life 那么在他们老的时候，回首过去
And fell that it was not lived to no purpose.” 就不会觉得这一生都毫无意义。”
Acro China, there are 150 million workers like her, 在中国，有1亿5千万像她一样的工人，One third of them women,who have left their villages 其中三分之一，是离乡背井的女性，To work in the factories, the hotels,the restaurants 她们在工厂、酒店、餐厅
And the construction sites of the big cities.或者是大城市的建筑工地工作。
Together, they make up the largest migration in history, 这么算来，是她们创造了历史上一个庞大的人口迁移的数字，And it is globalization, this chain that begins 而这个产业链的起点，就是“全球化”的风靡 In a Chinese farming village 从中国的农村
And end with iphones in our pockets and Nike on our feet 到最终进入我们口袋里的iphone和脚上的耐克 And Coach handbags on our arms 还有手中的Coach手提包
That has changed the way these millions of people 这改变了数百万人的Work and marry and live and think。工作、婚姻、生活和思想。
Very few of them would want to go back 他们其中很少有人
To the way things used to be。愿意回到过去的生活。
When I first went to Dongguan, I worried that 我第一次去东莞的时候，我很担心
It would be depreing to spend so much time with workers。担心与工人相处的时间会很压抑沮丧。
I also worried that nothing would ever happen to them，我也担心他们永远不会改变，Or that they would have nothing to say to me。或者他们也没有什么能对我说的。
Instead,I found young women who were smart and funny 然而，我发现那些年轻的女性都很聪明、风趣 And brave and generous.而且勇敢、大方。
By opening up their lives to me, 通过向我展示他们的生活，They taught me so much about factories 她们教给我很多关于工厂
And about China and about how to live in the world。关于中国，以及如何生存在这个世界的道理。This is the Coach purse that Min gave me 这就是小敏在回家的火车上
On the train home to visit her family。送给我的Coach钱包。
I keep it with me to remind me of the ties that tie me 我一直保存着它，由此提醒着我与这些 To the young women I wrote about，我记录过的年轻女生的联系，Ties that are not economic but personal in nature，这些并不是因为经济而是因为个人情感的联系，Measured not in money but in memories。价值并不是在于金钱而是记忆。
This purse is also a reminder that the things that you imagine，这个钱包也是一个提醒，Sitting in your office or in the library，你坐在办公室或图书馆里时所想象的东西 Are not how you find when you actually go out 和你走出去真正接触的东西 Into the world。并不一样。Thank you。谢谢。
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