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专业英语课程测验试题
一、英译汉（每小题20分）
1.The Hoover Dam
Hoover Dam, formerly called Boulder Dam, dam in Black Canyon on the Colorado River, at the Arizona-Nevada border, U.S.Constructed between 1930 and 1936, it is the highest concrete arch dam in the United States.It impounds Lake Mead, which extends for 115 miles(185 km)upstream and is one of the largest manmade lakes in the world.The dam is used for flood and silt control, electric power, agricultural irrigation, and domestic water supply.It is also a major sightseeing destination, with almost one million visitors per year going on tours through the dam.Hoover Dam is 726 feet(221metres)high and 1,244 feet(379metres)long at the crest.It contains 4,400,000 cubic yards(3,360,000 cubic metres)of concrete.Four reinforced-concrete intake towers located above the dam divert water from the reservoir into huge steel pipes called penstocks.The water, after falling some 500 feet(150metres)through the pipes to a hydroelectric power plant in the base of the dam, turns 17 Francis-type vertical hydraulic turbines, which rotate a series of electric generators that have a total power capacity of 2,080 megawatts.More than half of the generated electric power goes to the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, the city of Los Angeles, and other destinations in southern California;the rest goes to Nevada and Arizona.The dam, power plant, and reservoir are owned and managed by the U.S.Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation.Hoover Dam is named in honour of Herbert Hoover, the U.S.president during whose administration(1929–33)construction began on the dam and whose work as commerce secretary in the 1920s secured agreements neceary for the project to proceed.Although legislation paed by Congre in 1931 officially named the dam for Hoover, officials in the succeeding administrations of Franklin D.Roosevelt and Harry S.Truman referred to it as Boulder Dam, its name during the planning stages before construction.In 1947 Truman signed a congreional resolution restoring the structure’s formal name to official use.From the time of the dam’s construction, a federal highway traversed the dam’s crest, serving both visitors to the dam and travelers between Nevada and Arizona.As the dam and surrounding Lake Mead recreation area rose in popularity, traffic increased, and the problem became especially severe under security restrictions imposed after the attacks of Sept.11, 2001.Construction began on a long-planned Hoover Dam Bypa Project, and in October 2010 a concrete arch bridge with a 1,060-foot(322-metre)span—the longest in North America for that type of bridge—opened for through traffic within view of Hoover Dam.The old road along the crest is reserved for use by visitors to the dam.2.The Aswan High Dam
The first Aswan dam, built in 1889 when Egypt was under British control, was to irrigate cash crops such as cotton.The sluice gates of the first dam were opened during the flood season to let the floodwaters proceed unimpeded downstream.The Nile flood originates in the Ethiopian highlands, the source of the Blue Nile, during the monsoon season.Silt deposited by the floodwaters formed a thick, fertile layer of alluvium that made the Nile valley and delta one of the
most productive agricultural regions of the whole planet.After the Egyptian revolt in 1952 that brought Naer to power, the Soviet Union sponsored the building of the Aswan high Dam, five kilometers long, one kilometer wide at its base and rising 107 meters in height.This dam, called ironically ‘the pyramid for the living’ by the president of Egypt, permanently stopped the annual flood of the Nile valley and delta.The Aswan dam had, and has, a considerable symbolic impact, both for the Arabs and for the repercuions on Naer’s leadership.During his revolutionary experience symbols and images were important factors in the struggle to win the sympathy and support of various sectors of the society for the new regime and its values.The struggle for the building of the Aswan High Dam, like several other projects(such as the Helwan Iron and Steel complex)was appropriated by the revolutionary regime and its supporters as a central symbol in their efforts to construct Egypt's new values: clearly, the construction of the dam was motivated by factors outside the realm of water resource utilization and hydrology, what to speak of some care toward the environment and the nature of this wondrous river.The river is, in fact, the only surface resource in Egyptian territory and its waters must satisfy the needs of a constantly growing population.The dam was constructed eentially for three reasons: to control the flow of the Nile, to generate hydroelectric energy and to stock large quantities of water in order to ensure a constant supply of water throughout the year.In the period when the dam was constructed, the notions of environmental impact had not yet emerged and often even the construction of engineering works of considerable size were not preceded by aements that verified their suitability for a certain context and impact of a given territory.The environmental consequences of the Aswan High Dam best exemplify what environmentalists fear most: the consequences are largely unknown before something is built;once built, little can be done to counter them.There are however, in fact, numerous costs on both the environmental and socio-economic levels.Here a list of the most significant, that will be examined after:
-Worsening of the water quality
-The destruction of natural resources
-Modification of the soil composition
-Lower quantities of fish caught
-Spread of diseases transmitted by water
These elements, all common to the dams of the world, revealed themselves to be particularly important in the case of the construction of the Aswan dam.Like other projects that alter the natural environment, the construction of the new Aswan dam and the change in the flow of the Nile caused major problems in the ecological balance of the area.The Aswan High Dam brought about some devasting changes to the natural environment.The Nile does not merely stop at Aswan, as Naer claimed, out of madne, it effectively dies as an ecosystem: no water is left for natural ecosystems, typical of the wetlands, and the drainage to the sea serves only to flush out agricultural, industrial and urban effluents.Moreover the controlled, regular slow flow of water in the river is altering the soil along its banks, because the soils were exposed to a river with a variable water level before the dam.This, when combined with fertilizers and other chemicals, has drastically changed the river's aquatic life.From 1990s it also became clear that despite many initiatives over the past century, Egypt still faces a genuine crisis in terms of water supply.This has arisen partly because of the greatly
increased demand for water resources by all countries along the Nile, but the problem is made worse by natural variation in climate(particularly serious droughts in Ethiopia): analysis of the Nile flow records shows that recent droughts are part of a long-term dry phase that started in mid 1960s(it is curious: the years of the construction of the high dam.).The Aswan dam continues to cost Egypt and the whole Mediterranean sea a environmental well-being and great deal of money...Another ‘auspicious’ gift of the industrial revolution, of the fondne for money and of the disregard and contempt for Nature.二、汉译英（每小题15分）
1.水库，为拦洪蓄水和调节水流的水利工程建筑物，可以利用来灌溉、发电、防洪和养鱼。它是指在山沟或河流的狭口处建造拦河坝形成的人工湖泊。水库建成后，可起防洪、蓄水灌溉、供水、发电、养鱼等作用。有时天然湖泊也称为水库（天然水库）。水库规模通常按库容大小划分，分为小型、中型、大型等。
2.架设在江河湖海上，使车辆、行人等能顺利通行的建筑物，称为桥。桥梁一般由上部结构、下部结构和附属构造物组成，上部指主要承重结构和桥面系；下部结构包括桥台、桥墩和基础；附属构造物则指桥头搭板、锥形护坡、护岸、导流工程等。
三、作文（30分）
Title:Hydropower development and environmental problems in China
Time: 30 minutes
Words: 120-150
Key sentences:
1.Hydropower development now in China.2.environmental problems in China.3.How to ae the relationship between hydropower development and environmental problems.
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