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Historical Background—origin of people, blood and language
1.Briton(primitive).2.55B.C.Julius Caesar, Roman Conquest(78 A Dmiddle cla(freemen)-lower cla(slave or bondmen);
d.social organization: clan or tribes.e.Church function: spirit, civil service, education;
f.The Overview of the culture
(1)The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.(2)Literature
5.Anglo-Saxon period : transition from tribal society to feudalism.6.From 787-1013, Danish Vikings.King Alfred the Great’s Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.7.French speaking Norman, Duke William at Hastings-Establishment of Feudalism.Original Britons ＋Angles/Saxons/Jutes ＋Danes ＋Normans ＝English
Thus, the English is a mixed blood.Major characteristics of epic（叙事诗的主要特点）a vast setting remote in time and place,a noble and dignified objective,a simple plot,a central incident(or series of incidents)dealing with legendary material,a theme involving universal human problems,a towering hero of great stature,superhuman strength of body, character or mind,supernatural forces such as god, angels and demons, intervening from time to time.Comment upon Beowulf（贝尔武赋的评价）
1.It clearly mirrors their ideals—valor, the love of glory, honor, and duty, the loyalty of the retainer, and the generosity of the lord..It portrays the darker emotions, grim scenery, vigorous power of the sea and of battle.3.Its chief significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfle, and ever helpful to his people and his kinsfolk.Qualities of Ballad（民谣的性质）：
1, oral transmiionand an unknown authorship.2, ballad stanza.3, the frequent adoption of refrains or repetitions to form musical echoes.4,a single incident is dramatically treated but not in a narrative continuity.5, a multitude of subjects covering history, legends, wars, love stories, family affairs, etc.6, simple words, plain language and dialogue are often used in the verse line.Geoffrey Chaucer—Literary Career（乔叟文学生涯）
1.The first period is the French influence(1359-1372)
2.The second period refers to Italian influence(1372-1386)
3.The Third period is his mature period of originality without foreign influence(1386-1400)— The Canterbury Tales.Geoffrey Chaucer(VI)Language（乔叟语言特点）
1.His language is vivid and exact.2.His verse is smooth.3.His words are easy to understand.4.He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially iambic pentameter, i.e.heroic couplet, to English poetry.5.He makes contribution to making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.Renaiance general introduction（文艺复兴导言）
It is an epoch of social and cultural development throughout all Western Europe.1.Politically,the centralization of power for development of bourgeoisie.2.Religious Reformation results in substitution of Catholic Church by Protestantism.3.Geographical discoveries.4.Exploitation adds to the proletariat.5.Materialistic philosophy.RenaianceEnglish Renaiance: characteristics（文艺复兴特点）
1.The latene of its impact.2.Isolated from the Continent results in its independence.3.The native literature aimilates foreign influences without being subjected.4.The English Renaiance is rather artistic rather than philosophical and scholarly.5.The coinciding of the Renaiance and the the Reformation of England.Renaiance Stages（文艺复兴时期）
1.The first period called the beginning of the Renaiance started in 1516 and came to an end in 1578.2.The second period known as the flowering time of the Renaiance was from 1578 to 1625
3.The third period between 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue of the Renaiance.Renaiance Elizabethan literature（伊丽莎白文学）
1.The greatest and most distinctive achievement is the drama.2.Next to drama is the lyrical poetry, remarkable for its freshne, its youthfulne and its romantic feeling.3.Prose is marked by Thomas More and Francis Bacon.Utopia（乌托邦）
the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner(Raphael Hythloday)tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a.The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b.The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c.the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d.the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way.e.it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldline towards Renaiance secularism.f.the Utopia
The significance of More（摩尔的意义）
a.it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b.a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.
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