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1.Sonnet is an exact form of lyric poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, introduced from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard.The original form is Petrarchan sonnet(rhyming abba abba cde cde)and the English sonnet is also called Shakespearian(Shakespearean)sonnet(rhyming abab cdcd efef gg).2.Enlightenment movement: It was a progreive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe in the 18th century.The movement was a furtherance of the Renaiance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.The enlighteners celebrated reason and rationality, equality and science.They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.They called for order, reason and rules.The representatives are Addison, Steele, Pope and Swift.3.Renaiance Movement: a revival of claical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences(translation of claical works into English)from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, the mark of the close of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Western world.It was a cultural movement of the rising bourgeoisie.Its key word is humanism, which emphasizes the belief in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Representatives are William Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, etc.4.Metaphysical poets: a group of 17th century poets, whose works are notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange
paradoxes and far-fetched imagery.John Donne is the most famous poet of the school.5.Sentimentalism: A popular and significant trend in the latter half of the 18th century, defined as over-indulgence in one’s emotion for the sake of a bitter discontent with social reality and a mild protest against the social crisis.It marks the midway in the transition from claicism to its opposite, romanticism in English poetry.Writers of this school turned to the countryside instead of urban life.Representative writers are novelists Samuel Richardson, Oliver Goldsmith and Lawrence Sterne;and poet Thomas Gray(“Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard”)
6.Humanism: the values and ideals of the European Renaiance, which placed a new emphasis on the expansion of human capacity.Man was believed to be the source of infinite poibilities, ideally developing towards a balance of physical, spiritual, moral and intellectual faculties.The representatives are Shakespeare and Francis Bacon.7.Conceit: an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile in which two very different things are compared, e.g.in Donne’s poem “The Flea”, the body of the
flea is compared to the marriage bed and marriage temple of the speaker and his lover.8.Neoclaicism: a literary trend typical in the Enlightenment Movement, which models literary works after the claical works of ancient Greek and Roman writers.Writers of this trend valued order, logic, restrained emotion, and accuracy.They believe the aim of literature was to moralize as well as to entertain.Unity, harmony, grace are the great concern of neo-claical writers such as Alexander Pope.9..Bildungsroman(成长小说):A kind of novel that follows the development of the
hero or heroine from childhood or adolescence into adulthood, through a troubled quest for identity.The term(“formation novel”)came from Germany.Examples are Dickens’ David Copperfield, Bronte’s Jane Eyre and James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.10.Dramatic monologue:A kind of poem which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons.Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated（扮演的）character, whose personality is revealed unwittingly.Major examples of this are Tennyson’s “Ulyes”, Browning’s “Fra Lippo Lippi”, “My Last Duche”, and T.S.Eliot’s “The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock”.11.romanticism Influences of idealistic philosophers such as Kant，A strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th century writers and philosophers;Attention shifted from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world(内心世界)of the human spirit;a theory to see the individual at the center of art, to make literature most valuable as an expreion of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes.Emphasis on feeling, imagination, intuition(直觉)and subjectivism(主观主义)
Love for nature.Belief in individuality and freedom.Glorification(赞颂)of the commonplace(凡人凡事).Interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre(奇异的)or the picturesque(独特的).Feeling of loneline
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey，Byron, Shelley and Keats
11.拜伦式英雄Byronic hero:A boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin, a lonely fighter.E.g.Characters in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Manfred, Emily Bronte’s Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights
12.Aestheticism: The doctrine or disposition（倾向）that regards beauty as an end in itself, and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination（附庸）to moral, didactic（说教的）or political purposes.The Aesthetic Movement is a literary and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against philistine（市侩的）bourgeois values of practical efficiency and morality.(Theoretical support from German philosophers such as Kant, who separated sense of beauty from practical interests.Influences can date back to French poets, the Rosettes, Pre-Raphaelites to Keats.)
Representatives: Baudelaire, Flaubert and the symbolists in France;Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde(Art for art’s sake)in Britain.13.The critical realism of the 19th century flourished（繁荣）in the 1840s and the beginning of the 1850s.The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated（描绘）the crying（紧急的）conditions of bourgeois（资产阶级）reality.The greatne of English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy（虚伪）of the ruling claes, but also in their profound humanism which is revealed in their sympathy for
the laboring people.Representatives: Dickens, Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, and Mrs.Gaskell.Paradox：A statement or expreion so surprisingly self-contradicting as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true.The child is father of the Man.(Wordsworth)
Blank verse: Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter.Most of Shakespeare’s plays are in blank verse.社会问题剧George Bernard Shaw’s works that present complex and often controversial themes within the framework of entertaining plots, appealing and unpredictable characters, and witty dialogue.His works are insistently rational, coolly ridiculing the conventions and prejudices of his time.Examinations of moral and social iues.Social responsibility.1.William Shakespeare: Hamlet
2.Francis Bacon: “Of Studies”
3.John Donne: “The Flea”
4.John Milton: Paradise Lost
5.Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales
A summery of first two leonsFrom the previous claes, we＇ve eentially get an brief idea of some basic knowledge about the United Kingdom.The main knowledge points......
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