英语演讲稿由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“演讲稿英语”。
Is Genius Born or Can It Be Learned?
Is it poible to cultivate genius? Couldwe somehow structure our educational and social life to produce more Einsteins and Mozarts—or, more urgently these days, another Adam Smith or John Maynard Keynes?
How to produce genius is a very old question, one that has occupied philosophers since antiquity.In the modern era, Immanuel Kant and Darwin’s cousin Francis Galton wrote extensively about how genius occurs.Last year, sociologist Malcolm Gladwell addreed the subject in his book Outliers: The Story of Succe.The latest, and poibly most comprehensive, entry into this genre is Dean Keith Simonton’s new book Genius 101: Creators, leaders, and Prodigies.Simonton, a psychology profeor at the University of California, Davis, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the intellectually eminent, whom he has studied since his Harvard grad-school days in the 1970s.For most of its history, the debate over what leads to genius has been dominated by a bitter, binary argument: is it nature or is it nurture—is genius genetically inherited, or are geniuses the products of stimulating and supportive hones? Simonton takes the reasonable position that geniuses are the result of both good genes and good surroundings.His middle-of-the-road stance sets him apart from more ideological proponents like Galton(the founder of eugenics)as well as revisionists like Gladwell who argue that dedication and practice, as opposed to raw intelligence, are the most crucial determinants of succe.Too often, writers don’t nail down exactly what they mean by genius.Simonton tries, with this thorough, slightly ponderous definition: Geniuses are those who “have the intelligence, enthusiasm, and endurance to acquire the needed expertise in a broadly valued domain of achievement” and who then make contributions to that field that are considered by peers to be both “original and highly exemplary.”
Fine, now how to do you determine whether artistic or scientific creations are original and exemplary? One method Simonton and others use is to add up the number of times an individual’s publications are cited in profeional literature— or, say, the number of times a composer’s work is performed and recorded.Other investigators count encyclopedia references instead.Such methods may not be terribly sophisticated, but the answer they yield is at least a hard quantity.Still, there’s an echo-chamber quality to this technique: genius is what we all say it is.Is there a more objective method?There are IQ tests, of course, but not all IQ
test are the same, which leads to picking a minimum IQ and calling it genius-level.Also, estimates ofthe IQs of dead geniuses tend to be fun, but they are based on biographical information that can be highly uneven.So Simonton falls back on his “intelligence, enthusiasm, and endurance” formulation, But what about accidental discoveries? Simonton mentions the case ofbiologist Alexander Fleming, who, in 1928, “noticed quite by chance that a culture ofStaphylococcus had been contaminated by a blue-green mold.Around the mold was a halo.” Bing : penicillin.But what if you had been in Fleming’s lab that day and noticed the halo first? Would you be the genius?
Recently, the endurance and hard work part of the achievement equation has gotten a lot of attention, and role of raw talent and intelligence has faded a bit.The main reason for this shift in emphasis is the work of Anders Ericon, a friendly rival ofSimonton’s who teaches psychology at Florida State University.Glad well featured Ericon’s work prominently in Outliers
Ericon has become famous for the 10-year rule: the notion that it takes at least 10 years of dedicated practice for people to master most complex endeavors.Ericon didn’t invent the 10-year rule, but he has conducted many studies confirming it.Gladwell is a believer.“Practice isn’t the thing you do once you’re good ,” he writes, “It’s the thing you do that makes you good.”
Simonton rather dismiively calls this the “drudge theory”.He thinks the real story is more complicated:deliberate practice, he says, is a neceary but not sufficient condition for creating genius.For one thing, you need to be smart enough for practice to teach you something.In a 2002 study, Simonton showed that the average IQ of 64 eminent scientists was around 150, fully 50 points higher than the average IQ for the general population.And most of the variation in IQs is explained by genetics.Personality traits also matter.Simonton writes that genius tend tobe “open to experience, introverted , hostile, driven, and ambitious.” These traits too are inherited—but only partly.They’re also shaped by environment.Still, genius can be very hard to discern, and not just among the young.Simonton tells the story of a woman who was able to get fewer than a dozen of her poems published during her brief life.Her hard work availed her little— but the raw power of her imagery and metaphor lives on.Her name? Emily Dickinson.
用英语打开与世界对话之门各位老师、同学们大家上午好！我是王培，加拿大留学九年，去年底回国，今年五月接手重庆东方菜根香任总经理。在加国留学期间，经历很多，感触颇深，特别是在用英......
Use your hands well 善用你的双手 Hands are for helpingHands are for saying helloHands are not for hittingHands are not for hurtingHands are for holdingHands are......
How to make the college life wonderful学校：新疆乌鲁木齐兵团第一中学姓名：卢欣忆班级：七年级10班年龄：14岁How to make the college life wonderful Boys and girls, my dear......
Chinese dream-my dreamGood afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen! I’m pretty happy to make a speech in such a form.My name is Tian Jie.My topic today is Chinese drea......
Love is not young, but of mind; peach is not a young face, lips Dan, soft knee, but the will of the deep, broad imagination, hot romance; prime of life in the D......
