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不断加大支持力度 推进西藏经济社会实现跨越式发展
Stepping up Efforts to Push for Rapid Social and Economic Developments in Tibet
中国国家发改委地区经济司巡视员 王心怀
Wang Xinhuai
Inspector from the Division for Regional Economy of China’s National Development and Reform
Commiion
自1951年西藏和平解放以来，中国政府一直高度重视西藏自治区经济社会发展。特别是进入新世纪以来，中央先后召开了第四次、第五次西藏工作座谈会，制定了一系列特殊优惠政策，投入了大量人力、物力、财力，为西藏经济社会发展注入了强大推动力。在中央政府的大力支持下，通过西藏各族人民的艰苦奋斗和努力拼搏，西藏经济社会发展取得了非凡的成就。主要体现在以下几个方面：一是经济持续快速发展。2001—2010年，西藏地区生产总值从139.2亿元增至507.5亿元，地方财政一般预算收入从6.1亿元增至36.7亿元，全社会固定资产投资总额从83.3亿元增至463.3亿元，社会消费品零售总额从49亿元增至180.8亿元，分别增长了2.6倍、5倍、4.6倍和2.7倍。二是人民生活水平大幅提高。2010年，西藏城镇居民人均可支配收入、农村居民人均纯收入达到14980元和4138.7元，分别是2001年的1.9倍和2.9倍。十年间，农牧区贫困人口从64.3万人减少至18万人，贫困发生率从29.7%降至7.4%。到2010年底，西藏实现了乡乡通宽带、村村通电话、所有乡镇和80%以上行政村通公路，全区住房条件较差的140万农牧民全部住上了安全适用的房屋。三是交通、能源、水利等基础设施显著改善。青藏铁路的开通结束了西藏没有铁路的历史。林芝、阿里、日喀则等支线机场的建设完成，使西藏7个地市中有6个实现了通航。墨脱公路顺利贯通，解决了全国唯一一个县不通公路的问题。四是特色优势产业发展取得新进展。产业结构不断优化，西藏一、二、三次产业结构由2001年的27:23:50调整为2010年的13:33:54。特色农畜产品生产与加工、矿产资源开发与加工等主导产业已初具规模，5100牌矿泉水、圣鹿牌食用植物油、甘露牌藏药等特色产品销售收入快速增长。“世界屋脊、神奇西藏”的旅游主题形象不断提升，旅游业已成为产值最大、增速最快的支柱产业。2010年西藏接待游客总量已达到685万人次。五是生态建设和环境保护正在迈向全面治理新阶段。中央政府先后实施退耕还林、退牧还草和天然林保护等工程，4590万亩天然草场得到保护与恢复，1800万亩天然林得到有效保护。建立各类自然保护区45个，占全区国土面积的34.4%。2009年，中国政府批准实施了总投资155亿元的《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划》，西藏生态建设进入了新的历史阶段。
Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the economic and social development of the Tibet Autonomous Region.In this new century, the CPC Central Committee has held the fourth and fifth central working conference on Tibet, formulated a series of special preferential policies and invested huge human, material and financial resources.These efforts have lent a strong impetus to economic and social development in Tibet.Thanks to strong support from the central government as well as the joint efforts and hard work of people of all ethnic groups, Tibet has made extraordinary achievements in its economic and social development.They are as follows:
First, the regional economy has maintained rapid and sustained growth.From 2001 to 2010, Tibet’s GDP soared from 13.92 billion yuan to 50.75 billion yuan, a 2.6-fold increase.Local budgetary receipts rose from 610 million yuan to 3.67 billion yuan, a growth of 500 percent.In
2010, fixed aets investment in the region reached 46.33 billion yuan, growing by 460 percent from 8.33 billion yuan in 2001.The retail sales of consumer goods totaled 18.08 billion yuan in 2010, up 270 percent over 4.9 billion yuan in 2001.Second, people’s living standards have been greatly enhanced.In 2010, the per-capita disposable income of urban residents in Tibet stood at 14,980 yuan and the per-capita net income of farmers and herdsmen was 4,138.7 yuan, 1.9 times and
2.9 times that of 2001, respectively.Over the last ten years, the number of people suffering from poverty in farming and pastoral areas was reduced from 643,000 to 180,000, and the incidence of poverty decreased from 29.7 percent to 7.4 percent.By the end of 2010, Tibet had also realized broadband coverage in all townships and telephone communication in all villages.All townships and more than 80 percent of the administrative villages in Tibet now have acce to highways.A total of 1.4 million farmers and herdsmen living in poor conditions have moved into comfortable houses.Third, infrastructure including transportation, energy and water management has been significantly improved.The Qinghai-Tibet Railway ended Tibet’s history of being without railways.The Nyingchi Menling Airport, Ngari Gunsa Airport and Xigaze Peace Airport have been completed and put into use, making poible air routes among six of Tibet’s seven prefectures and(prefecture-level)cities.With the completion and operation of the Medog Highway, China’s last “isolated” county has also been connected to the country’s highway network.Fourth, competitive industries with local features have been making new progre.With continuous optimization of industrial structure, the added value of Tibet’s primary, secondary and tertiary industries accounted for 13, 33 and 54 percent of the region’s GDP respectively in 2010, compared to 27, 23 and 50 percent of the GDP in 2001.Leading industries, such as the proceing of agricultural and livestock products and the development of mineral resources, have begun to take shape.Specialty products, such as “5100 Tibet Glacier Spring Water,” Shenglu Edible Oil and Ganlu traditional Tibetan medicine have witneed a rapid growth in sales revenue.Tourism in Tibet, with the advertising slogan “Magical Tibet – roof of the world,” has become the fastest growing pillar industry with the greatest output value.In 2010, a total of 6.85 million person-times visited Tibet.Fifth, ecological construction and environmental protection is advancing to a new stage of overall management.The central government has carried out projects to convert farmland into forest and pastures into graland, and protect the natural forests.All together, 45.9 million mu of natural gralands have been conserved and recovered, and 18 million mu of natural forests have been effectively protected.Tibet is also home to 45 nature reserves, accounting for 34.4 percent of the total land area of the region.In 2009, the Chinese government approved the “Plan for Ecology Safety Barrier Protection and Construction in Tibet(2008-2030),” with projected investment totaling 15.5 billion yuan.Since then, Tibet’s ecological construction has entered a new historic stage.虽然这些年来西藏经济社会发展取得了巨大成就，但由于自然、历史和社会条件等制约，目前仍然面临着一些特殊困难和问题：自然灾害较为频繁，生产生活条件比较艰苦，优势特色产业培育尚处于起步阶段，教育、医疗卫生等基本公共服务还不能完全满足广大农牧民的需要。为促进西藏实现跨越式发展和长治久安，尽快解决发展中的特殊困难和问题，去年，中央召开了第五次西藏工作座谈会，明确了未来十年促进西藏经济社会发展的指导思想、目标任务、重大项目和支持政策。今年7月，中国政府批准了 “十二五”支持西藏经济社会发展建设项目规划方案，计划安排226个建设项目，总投资3305亿元，“十二五”期间投资1931亿元，其中中央政府投资1384亿元，涉及改善民生、加强基础设施建设、发展特色产业、保护生态环境等多个领域，这些项目的建设，将为西藏经济社会发展、人民生活水平提高提供强有力的支撑。到2020年，西藏将呈现出一派更加美好的发展景象，农牧民收入将进一步提高，基本公共服务能力将接近或达到全国平均水平，基础设施条件全面改善，生态安全屏障建设取得明显成效，全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标将如期实现。为此，中央政府将从以下几个方面加大支持。
For the past years, Tibet has made extraordinary achievements in its economic and social development;however, due to limits of natural, historical and social conditions, it still faces some special difficulties and problems: natural disasters are frequent, production and living conditions are rather difficult, competitive industries with local features are still in their infancy and basic public services such as education and health care cannot yet satisfy the needs of farmers and herdsmen.In order to achieve leapfrog development and lasting stability in Tibet, and solve these special difficulties and problems during its development, the CPC Central Committee opened the fifth central working conference on Tibet last year, which outlined the guidelines for economic and social development of Tibet in the next decade, and made clear the objectives, important projects and supporting polices over the ten years.This July, the Chinese government approved a development plan for Tibet during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, which includes 226 construction projects in infrastructure, competitive industries, environmental protection and with regard to people’s livelihoods.These projects, involving a total investment of 330.5 billion yuan, will provide strong support for Tibet’s economic and social development, as well as the improvement of people’s living standards.By 2020, Tibet will present itself with better development: the income of farmers and herdsmen will be even higher, the ability to provide basic public services will be close or equal to the national average, infrastructure will be comprehensively improved, ecology safety barrier construction will deliver good results, and the objective of building a well-off society will be realized on schedule.For this goal, the central government will give more support in the following aspects:
一是改善农牧民生产生活条件，提高基本公共服务能力。将在2013年前全面解决西藏农牧民饮水安全问题，在未来五年内全部完成游牧民定居和农民的危房改造。大力发展学前教育，对农牧民子女接受义务教育、高中教育实行 包吃、包住、包学习费用的优惠政策，到2015年使西藏高中阶段毛入学率达到80%。建设好各级医院和卫生服务中心，进一步完善西藏以免费医疗为基础的农牧区医疗制度，让西藏各族人民能够实现“病有所医”。实行更全面、更高标准的城镇基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险制 度，提高居民最低生活保障标准。2012年前，将对农牧区60岁以上的老人全部 实现社会养老保险。
First, improving the production and living conditions of farmers and herdsmen, and improving our ability to provide basic public services.The drinking water safety iue in all farming and pastoral areas will be solved by 2013.In the following five years, we will provide permanent housing for all nomads and renovate all dilapidated houses for farmers.We will
vigorously develop preschool education, provide preferential policies for children of farmers and herdsmen to enjoy free food, lodging and tuition during their compulsory elementary and high school education, and raise the gro enrollment rate of Tibet’s high schools to 80 percent by 2015.With hospitals and health centers at all levels, we will further improve the medicare system based on free medical care in farming and pasturing areas, so that people of all ethnic groups in Tibet will have acce to medical care.We will implement basic pension, medical, unemployment, industrial injury and maternity insurance systems for urban employees, and increase minimum living standards for urban residents.By the end of 2011, the pension insurance system will cover all residents over 60 years old in farming and pastoral areas.二是加强生态建设与环境保护，保护好西藏的碧水蓝天。将生态自然修复功能与工程治理结合起来，实施包括西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程在内的一批重点生态工程，保护好大江大河源头区、草原、湿地、天然林和生物多样性，特别是保护好高原原生植被和野生动植物。继续实施退耕还林、退牧还 草等政策，建立草原生态保护奖励机制，提高国家级公益林森林生态效益补偿标准，让西藏美丽的森林、草原得到休养生息。
Second, enhancing ecological construction and environmental protection, and safeguarding Tibet’s clear water and blue sky.We will combine ecological rehabilitation with pollution control, carry out a number of key ecological projects including those for ecology safety barrier protection and construction in Tibet, and protect sources of large rivers, gralands, wetlands, natural forests and biological diversity, especially native plateau vegetation and wildlife.To preserve beautiful forests and gralands in Tibet, we will continue to implement policies of converting farmland into forest and pastures into graland, establish a reward mechanism for graland eco-protection, and improve the ecological compensation standard for national public forests.三是加快建设一批交通、能源、水利等重大基础设施。到2015年基本实现西藏县县通油路；建设四川至西藏铁路，使各族人民出藏通道更加便捷；提高已通航机场的保障能力和技术水平，完成那曲机场新建工程，使西藏7个地市全部实现航空运输。加快能源电力建设，到2012年完成青海至西藏直流联网工 程，实现西北电网向西藏电网供电，从根本上解决西藏缺电问题；支持太阳能、地热能等可再生能源开发，尽快使西藏自主供电能力有较大幅度提升。建设一批重点水利枢纽工程和灌溉设施，改善农业生产条件，尽快解决农牧区工程性缺水的问题；保护好饮用水水源地，建设一批优质供水工程。进一步改善通信基础设施条件和技术水平，提高通讯保障能力。
Third, speeding up construction of major infrastructure including transportation, energy and water management.By 2015, all counties in Tibet will have acce to asphalt roads;a railway will be constructed to link Tibet and Sichuan Province so that people of all ethnic groups here can enjoy a more convenient way to go out;airport capacity and technology will be improved and a new airport will be built in Naqu so that air routes are realized among all Tibet’s seven prefectures and(prefecture-level)cities.Meanwhile, we will speed up energy infrastructure construction.The Qinghai-Tibet grid interconnection project will be finished by 2012, which will link the Tibetan grid to the northwest grid and fundamentally solve power shortages in Tibet.We will promote the development of renewable energy such as solar and geothermal energy sources, and significantly improve Tibet’s energy independence as soon as poible.A number of key water projects and
irrigation facilities will be constructed to improve conditions for agricultural production and solve water shortages in farming and pastoral areas as soon as poible.Drinking water sources will be protected and a number of high-quality water supply projects will be carried out.We will further improve communication infrastructure to better guarantee communication.四是培育一批优势特色产业。充分挖掘西藏高原农牧业特色资源优势，支持高原绿色食品饮料、药材、藏毯、传统缎绣等特色产品以及乳制品的开发和生产，培育一批著名品牌。将旅游与文化、生态相结合，打造青藏高原特色旅游精品路线，扶持农牧民发展乡村旅游和生态旅游，让广大农牧民从旅游开发中增加收入。
Fourth, cultivating a number of competitive industries with local features.We will take full advantage of farming and pastoral resources with local features on the Tibetan Plateau.Giving support for development and production of specialty products such as green food & beverage, pharmaceuticals, Tibetan carpets, traditional embroidery and dairy products, we will strive to cultivate local brands.Combining beautiful scenery with culture and ecology, we will promote quality travel routes with local features on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Farmers and herdsmen will get support to develop rural and ecological tourism businees, which will also increase their income.五是加大优惠政策支持力度。中央政府将继续对西藏实行特殊优惠的财政税收政策，除关税和进口消费税、增值税外，在西藏征收的其他各项税收全部留给西藏。全面保障西藏的教育、卫生、政府运转等基本经费支出，切实保障各类重点事项的财政支出需要，大型公益性项目的建设资金由中央政府承担。支持西藏金融业发展，对在藏银行业金融机构发放的各类贷款给予补贴，帮助西藏组建地方性商业银行，创造条件让银行业金融机构在西藏设立更多分支机构和服务网点。不断加大对西藏的投资支持力度，引导和鼓励外资、民间 资本到西藏投资。同时，中国还实施了经济发达地区支援西藏发展的政策。今后10年内，有17个省市分别对西藏的7个地市从人才、技术、资金等方面进行支援。初步统计，到2015年将安排各类援助项目1600多个，援助资金140多亿元，重点援助西藏农牧区基础设施、市政设施建设，帮助西藏发展教育、卫生、文化等社会事业和优势特色产业，对管理、技术人员和农牧民进行培训。
Fifth, adopting more preferential policies toward Tibet.The central government will continue to implement preferential financial and tax policies in Tibet.All taxes imposed in Tibet, excluding tariffs, import consumption tax and value-added tax, will be given to Tibet.We will ensure basic expenditure for education, health and government operation, and meet the needs of fiscal spending on various important iues.The central government will provide funds for construction of large public welfare projects.We will support the development of the financial industry in Tibet.Subsidies will be provided for banks and other financial institutions in Tibet to iue various types of loans.We will help establish local commercial banks in Tibet and create conditions for financial institutions to set up more branches and service outlets in Tibet.We will give further support for investment in Tibet, and attract more foreign and private capital to Tibet.Meanwhile, China has been carrying out the “pairing-up” support program, where those economically developed areas help to develop Tibet.Over the next decade, 17 provinces and municipalities will provide personnel, technological and financial support to Tibet’s seven prefectures and(prefecture-level)
cities.According to the preliminary statistics, a total of more than 1,600 aid projects, with an investment of over 14 billion yuan, will be carried out by 2015.They will largely aim to improve infrastructure in farming and pastoral areas as well as municipal facilities, develop social programs covering education, health and culture as well as competitive industries with local features, and provide training for managerial and technical personnel as well as farmers and herdsmen.中国政府将进一步加大对西藏的支持力度，为西藏发展创造更好的发展环境，充分发挥西藏广大人民的聪明才智和发展经济、追求幸福生活的积极性，努力在科学发展的轨道上实现跨越式发展。我们坚信，未来的西藏经济发展将更加繁荣，社会建设将更加进步，人民生活将更加美好。
The Chinese government will provide more support for Tibet and create a better environment for its development.We will give way to the intelligence of Tibetan people and their enthusiasm to develop the economy and seek a happy life.We will strive to help Tibet realize leapfrog development along the track of scientific development.We firmly believe that the future of Tibet will witne a more prosperous economy, its social construction will make greater progre, and its people will live a better life.
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