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Reading Material 16
PreureVeelCodes
History of Preure Veel Codes in the United StatesThrough the late 1800s and early 1900s, explosions in boilers and preure veels were frequent.A firetube boiler explosion on the Miiippi River steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865, resulted in the boat’s sinking within 20 minutes and the death of 1500 soldiers going home after the Civil War.This type of catastrophe continued unabated into the early 1900s.In 1905, a destructive explosion of a firetube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Maachusetts, killed 58 people, injured 117 others, and did $ 400000 in property damage.In 1906, another explosion in a shoe factory in Lynn, Maachusetts, resulted in death, injury, and extensive property damage.After this accident, the Maachusetts governor directed the formation of a Board of Boiler Rules.The first set of rules for the design and construction of boilers was approved in Maachusetts on August 30, 1907.This code was three pages long.In 1911, Colonel E.D.Meier, the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, established a committee to write a set of rules for the design and construction of boilers and preure veels.On February 13, 1915, the first ASME Boiler Code was iued.It was entitled “Boiler Construction Code, 1914 Edition.” This was the beginning of the various sections of the ASME Boiler and Preure Veel Code, which ultimately became Section 1, Power Boiler.The first ASME Code for preure veels was iued as “Rules for the Construction of Unfired Preure Veels, ” Section Ⅷ, 1925 edition.The rules applied to veels over 6 in.in diameter, volume over 1.5 ft3, and preure over 30 psi.In December 1931, a Joint API-ASME Committee was formed to develop an unfired preure veel code for the petroleum industry.The first edition was iued in 1934.For the next 17 years, two separated unfired preure veel codes existed.In 1951, the last API-ASME Code was iued as a separated document.In 1952, the two codes were consolidated into one code-the ASME Unfired Preure Veel Code,Section Ⅷ.This continued until the 1968 edition.At that time, the original code became Section Ⅷ, Division 1, Preure Veels, and another new part was iued, which was Section Ⅷ, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Preure Veels.The ANSI/ASME Boiler and Preure Veel Code is iued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers with approval by the American National Standards Institute(ANSI)as an ANSI/ASME document.One or more sections of the ANSI/ASME Boiler and Preure Veel code have been established as the legal requirements in 47 states in the United States and in all provinces of Canada.Also, in many other countries of the world, the ASME Boiler and Preure Veel Code is used to construct boilers and preure veels.Organization of the ASME Boiler and Preure Veel CodeThe ASME Boiler and Preure Veel Code is divided into many sections, divisions, parts, and subparts.Some of these sections relate to a specific kind of equipment and application;others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment;and others relate to care and inspection of installed equipment.The following Sections specifically relate to boiler and preure veel design and construction.Section ⅠPower Boilers(1 volume)
Section Ⅲ
Division 1Nuclear Power Plant Components(7 volumes)
Division 2Concrete Reactor Veels and Containment(1 volume)
Code CaseCase 1 Components in Elevated Temperature service(in Nuclear Code N-47
Case book)
Section Ⅳ Heating Boilers(1 volume)
Section Ⅷ
Division 1 Preure Veels(1 volume)
Division 2 Alternative Rules for Preure Veels(1 volume)
Section Ⅹ Fibergla-Reinforced Plastic Preure Veels(1 volume)
A new edition of the ASME Boiler and Preure Veel Code is iued on July 1 every three years and new addenda are iued every six months on January 1 and July 1.the new edition of the code becomes mandatory when it appears.The addenda are permiive at the date of iuance and become mandatory six months after that date.Worldwide Preure Veel CodesIn addition to the ASME Boiler and Preure Veel Code, which is used worldwide, many other preure veel codes have been legally adopted in various countries.Difficulty often occurs when veels are designed in one country, built in another country, and installed in still a different country.With this worldwide construction this is often the case.The following list is a partial summary of some of the various codes used in different countries:
AustraliaAustralian Code for Boilers and Preure Veels, SAA Boiler Code(Series AS1200): AS1210, Unfired Preure Veels and Cla 1 H, Preure Veels of Advanced Design and Construction, Standards Aociation of Australia.FranceConstruction Code Calculation Rules for Unfired Preure Veels, Syndicat National de la Chaudronnerie et de la Tuyauterie Industrielle(SNCT), Paris, France.United KingdomBritish Code BS.5500, British Standards Institution, London, England.JapanJapanese Preure Veel Code, Ministry of LABOR, PUBLISHED BY Japan Boiler Aociation, Tokyo, Japan;Japanese Standard, Construction of Preure Veels, JIS B Gas Control Law, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, published by The Institution for Safety of High Preure Gas Engineering , Tokyo, Japan.ItalyItalian Preure Veel Code, National Aociation for combustion Control(ANCC), Milan, Italy.BelgiumCode for Good Practice for the Construction of Preure Veels, Belgian Standard Institute(IBN), Bruels, Belgium.SwedenSwedish Preure Veel Code, Tryckkarls Kommiioner, the Swedish Preure Veel Commiion, Stockholm, Sweden.(Selected from : M.H.Jawad and J.R.Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of Proce Equipment, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,1984.)
阅读材料16
压力容器规范
美国压力容器规范从18世纪晚期到19世纪早期，锅炉和压力容器爆炸事故频发。186
5年4月27日发生在密西西比河上的一艘名为Sultana的轮船的火管锅炉爆炸事故，导致轮船在20分钟内沉没，船上载着的1500名从内战中准备回家的士兵死亡。类似的灾难在19世纪早期频发。1905年在马萨诸塞州的布罗克顿的一家鞋厂发生了一起严重的火管锅炉爆炸事故，造成58人死亡，117人受伤以及大约40万美元的损失。1906年，马萨诸塞州的林恩市的另一家鞋厂再次发生一起爆炸事故，同样造成了大范围的人员伤亡和财产损失。这起事故后，马萨诸塞州州长牵头成立了锅炉规范委员会。首部有关锅炉设计和建设的法律与1907年8月30日在马萨诸塞州颁布。这部法律有3页。
1911年，美国机械工程师学会(ASME)主席E.D.Meier上校成立了一个委员会负责起草一部关于锅炉和压力容器的设计和建造的法律。1915年2月13日，首部ASME锅炉法规正式颁布。名为“《锅炉建造规范》1914版”。这部法规是繁杂的ASME锅炉与压力容器法规的开端，最终成为第一部分《动力锅炉》。
ASME关于压力容器的第一部法规叫做《无火压力容器的建造规范》，第八部，1925版。
3这部规范适用于直径超过6英寸、体积超过1.5ft、压力超过30帕的容器。1931年12月，一个名为APIASME联合委员会的组织组建了起来，目的是为石油工业编写无火的压力容器规范。最初的版本出现在1934年。接下来的17年，出现了两部独立的压力容器规范。1951年，最后一部独立的API-ASME规范得以颁布。1952年，这两部规范合并成一部-ASME无火压力容器规范，第八部。这部规范一直沿用到1968版本出现。那时，最初的规范变为压力容器第八部，第一章，新的一部则是压力容器替代规范第八部，第二章。
ANSI/ASME锅炉和压力容器规范是美国机械工程学会在美国国家标准委员会(ANSI)的支持下作为ANSI/ASME文件颁布的。另有一部ANSI/ASME锅炉和压力容器规范作为法规已在美国的47个州和加拿大的所有省份实施。同样，在世界上许多其他国家，这部规范也被用来作为锅炉和压力容器建造的标准。
ASME锅炉和压力容器规范的组成ASME锅炉和压力容器规范分成许多部分、章节、子章节。其中的一些是关于特种设备的。其他事关于特种设备的的材料和使用方法以及控制，还有的是关于已安装好的设备的维护和检查。以下的章节是关于锅炉和压力容器的设计和建造的第一章 动力锅炉（1卷）
第三章
第一节核动力设备的组成（7卷）
第二节混凝土反应容器及其防漏（1卷）
标准容器《案例1 升温装置中的部件》（在核规范N-47案例书中）
第四章 加热锅炉（1卷）
第八章
第一节压力容器（1卷）
第二节 压力容器的替代规范（1卷）
第十章 玻璃纤维加强塑料容器（1卷）
每过三年的7月1日就会颁布一部新的ASME锅炉和压力容器规范，每六个月，即1月1日和7月1日就会有一部新的附录。新版本的规范颁布后就必须强制执行。新的附录在颁布之日起即可使用，并在六个月强制执行。
世界通用的压力容器规范除了ASME锅炉和压力容器规范在世界范围内被规范使用外，许多其他的压力容器规范也在世界其他国家依法使用。当压力容器的设计、制造、安装都在不同的国家时往往会出现问题。由于全球化的发展，这种事是经常发生的。
以下是在不同国家使用的不同规范的部分摘要：
澳大利亚澳大利亚锅炉与压力容器标准，SAA锅炉标准（AS1200系列）：AS1210，非火加热类压力容器和分类1H，改进后的设计与制造压力容器，澳大利亚协会标准。
法国《不用火加热压力容器建造规范计算规则》，法国巴黎市SNCT结构。英国《英国规范BS.55OO》，英国伦敦市英国标准协会。
日本《日本压力容器规范》（劳动部制定），日本东京市日本锅炉协会出版；JISB8243《日本标准》，《压力容器建造》，日本东京市日本标准协会出版；《日本高压气体控制法》，国际贸易与产业部制定，日本东京高压气体工程安全协会出版。
意大利《意大利压力容器规范》，意大利米兰市国家燃烧控制协会（ANCC）。
比利时《压力容器构造可靠实践规范》，比利时布鲁塞尔市比利时标准协会（IBN）。瑞典《瑞典压力容器规范》，瑞典斯德哥尔摩市瑞典压力容器委员会。
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