中石油职称英语专家押题由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“中石油职称英语考试”。
2011中石油职称英语押题宝典
3.On Mobile Office 移动的办公室
1.Mobile office is the mutual product of economic,scientific,and social progre.Mobile office has become a solution that provides users with convenient,prompt,safe,reliable,and reasonably priced communications and office faculty anywhere anytime via the support of mobile interconnection platform(MIP)and its applications systems.Using mobile office and WAP technology,people can do their work anywhere anytime,can send and receive data via terminals such as mobile phone,palm computer,and PDA,and can surf the Internet.Integrating Internet and mobile communications network,and providing powerful applications support capacity for wirele interconnection,mobile interconnection platform(MIP)is an important network support technology to accomplish mobile office.1.移动办公室是经济、科技、社会三者发展进步的共同产物。通过无线互联平台（MIP）及其应用系统的支撑，移动办公室已经成为一种能够使用户获得随时随地、简便快捷、安全可靠、价格合理的通信和办公能力的解决方案。通过移动办公室和无线接入协议（WAP）技术，人们可以在任何时间任何地点办公，可以从移动电话、掌上电脑、个人数字助理（PDA）等终端设备上收发数据，遨游于互联网上。无线互联平台将因特网和移动通信网络有机地整合起来，为无线互联提供强大的应用支撑能力，是实现移动办公室重要的网络支撑技术。
2.When you leave your office to attend meetings or travel on busine,what would happen to your busine routine? Of course,faxes and e-mails would be still sent to your fax machine or e-mail box,but you cannot read them and make prompt reaction timely.When your clients need you to make some urgent modifications on your work and you are neither in the office nor carrying relevant documents,what can you do? Maybe you have to say “sorry”to the clients.But,your busine will be affected,the clients will be unhappy and disappointed because of your delay,and you will lose a lot of busine opportunities.2.当你离开办公室，忙于参加会议或出差在外时，你的日常工作业务会怎样呢？当然，传真和电子邮件依然会到达你的传真机和电子信箱，但是你却不能及时地看到它们并迅速作出反应。当你的客户需要你对某项工作进行一些紧急修改，而你恰好不在办公室，又没有随身携带相关文件时，怎么办呢？你也许只能向客户说“对不起”了。但是，你的业务将受到影响，客户们也会因为你的延迟而感到不快和失望，因而你失去许多商机。3.In fact,very frequently,you need to check,reply,distribute,display,modify,or read some materials when you are not in your office.You must get out of this dilemma.The best solution to normally handle your busine anywhere anytime and not to disappoint your clients
is to let your office “move”with you.Thus，you can have convenient,prompt,safe,reliable,and reasonably priced communications and office faculty anywhere anytime.With the development of communications technology,network
application,and wirele interconnection,mobile office has become simpler and smaller,and even can be realized via one mobile phone with data communications function.Thus,mobile office has already been put into your pocket,and office mobility has been realized.It uses its mobile phone function to make voice communication,and uses its data communications function to do most computation and storage in the network's other mainframes.It uses the network to get neceary materials and data,and uses mobile phone's infrared interface to connect with computers,printers,scanners,etc.3.实际上，当你不在办公室，但需要对某些材料进行查阅、回复、分发、展示、修改或宣读的情形是很常见的。因此，你必须从这种困境中解脱出来。使自己能够随时随地正常处理业务，不让客户失望，最好的解决办法就是让你的办公室也随你一起“移动”起来，使你获得随时随地、简单快捷、安全可靠、价格合理的通信和办公能力。随着通信技术、网络应用以及无线互联的发展，移动办公室已经变得越来越简单小巧，甚至只需一个具有数据通信功能的移动电话即可实现。此时，移动办公室已经被你装进了口袋，从而真正实现了办公的移动性。它利用移动电话功能进行语音通信；利用数据通信功能，使大部分计算和存储工作都在网络的其他主机上进行；利用网络获得需要的材料和数据；利用移动电话的红外接口与电脑、打印机、扫描仪等设备相连。4.Mobile office has provided people with
convenient,casual working environment,but at the same time it still has some unsatisfactory aspects such as mismatching equipment interface and inadequate battery.Neverthele,we believe that with technical progre,people can certainly overcome all kinds of difficulties.Mobile office will make your career unimpeded,and will realize the dream of completely free communication.Users will enjoy more colorful life and better working environment,and users' living standard,working efficiency,and even enterprises' production efficiency will certainly be immensely raised.4.移动办公室给人们带来了方便随意的工作环境，但同时也存在着一些诸如设备接口不匹配、电池电力不足等不尽如人意的地方。但是，我们相信，随着技术的进步，人们肯定能战胜种种困难。移动办公室将使你的事业畅通无阻，实现完全自由通信的梦想。用户将会享受多彩的生活和美好的工作环境；用户的生活水平、工作效率以及企业的生产效率，必将大大提高。
一、翻译
（第七课）1.Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing.Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone(generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust)that exceed legally established limits.There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emiions-short of a maive shift away from the private automobile-is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compreed natural gas.liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.1.尽管近几年来私人机动车辆排放的有害污染物已有相当程度的减少，但这类车辆的数量却仍在稳定地增长。因此，美国100多个城市仍然存在着超过法律限定的一氧化碳、悬浮颗粒物和臭氧（由于车辆排出气体中碳氢化合物经过光化反应产生）。人们逐渐认识到实现车辆尾气排放更进一步减少的唯一有效方法--大规模消减私人小汽车除外--是用燃烧更为清洁的燃料，如压缩天然气、液化石油气、乙醇或甲醇代替传统的柴油和汽油。2.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline.These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are le likely to generate ozone.The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions.These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere.On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks.Compreed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks-a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency-and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.2.所有这些替代物都是碳基燃料，它的分子要比汽油的小而简单。这些分子要比汽油燃烧得更为清洁，部分是因为他们碳-碳键较少，而且即使会释放出碳氢化合物，也不太可能会成为臭氧。较大分子的燃烧，由于它们具有多重碳-碳，伴随着更为复杂的一系列反应。这些反应增加了不完全燃烧得可能性并且易于放出未燃烧的、易起光化反应的碳氢化合物释放到大气中。从另一方面来说，替代燃料也有缺点。压缩天然气要求车辆有一套沉重的燃料箱--在外观和燃料效率方面有严重的不利之处--并且液化石油气面临着基本的供应量限制。
3.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel.Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features.Methanol's most attractive feature, however, is that it can
reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emiions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.3.从另一个方面来看，乙醇和甲醇具有由于其他碳基替代燃料的重要优势：它们在单位容量下有更高的能量含量，并且只需要在现存的配送燃料的网络中做很小的变更。乙醇通常用作汽油的补充燃料，但它现在的价格是甲醇的两倍，后者的低成本是具有吸引力的特征之一。不过，甲醇最吸引人的特征是它能够将形成臭氧的车辆尾气这一严重的城市空气污染减少90%。（第十一课 Smoking and Cancer）
1.Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year(1970 figures).This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more.It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
2.Since 1939,numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard.The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking,particularly cigarette smoking,is aociated with shortened life expectancy.2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
3.Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder and the oral cavity.Male cigarette Smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males.(Female smokers are thought to be le affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.)The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say,“Give up smoking.If you don't smoke-don't start!”
3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽-那可不要学!”4.Some competent physicians and research workers-though their small number is decreased even further-are le sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health.They consider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may poibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment-atmospheric pollution,increased nervous stre,chemical substances in proceed food,or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals.Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases,they say,may also,by coincidence,live in industrial areas,or eat more canned food.Gradually,however,research is isolating all other poible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员-虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少-不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
5.Apart from the scientific statistics,it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body.Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporized chemicals,minute particles of ash,and other solids.There is also nicotine,which is a powerful poison,and black tar.As the smoke is breathed in,all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs.One point of concentration is where the air tube,or bronchus,divides.Most lung cancer begins at this point.5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。6.Smoking also affects the heart and blood veels.It is known to be related to Beurger's disease,a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs.Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
7.While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health,cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking.However,nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms,and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat.Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer,but they can only marginally reduce,not eliminate the hazards.7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当编者注：本篇文章写作日期较早。事实上，近年来美国吸烟人口比率以及吸烟量一直在持续下降。根据美国疾病预防与控制中心的报告，2003年美国抽烟人口比率已经下降到21、6％。美国对吸烟有明确的法律规定：未满21周岁的人不得吸烟；在公共场所，如图书馆、教堂、超市、饭店、公共汽车、地铁等处不得吸烟。美国对烟草行业的征税特别重，故烟价很高，这也是限制吸烟的重要措施。前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
An Introduction to Distillation 蒸馏概述）
2.Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and,perhaps more important,in the amounts dictated by the market.2、石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品在质量上符合人类需要，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场要求。
3.In fact,a refinery is eentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced;refinery procees must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is,crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each.For example,the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components.If the latter cannot be sold as,say,heavy fuel oil,they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full.To prevent the occurrence of such a situation,the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed.This usually means more procees-a cracking proce to change an exce of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a vacuum distillation proce to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphalt-to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market.3、实际上，炼油厂从根本上说是一组生产装置，其数量根据生产产品的不同而不同。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每一产品的销售速度而进行。比如，从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定数量的高沸点产品。如果高沸点产品，如重燃料油，无法销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应采取灵活措施，并能够根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求：运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦碳成为残余品；或者运用真空蒸馏工艺将重油分解成润滑油和沥青。
4.In addition,a complete refining installation must include the following: all neceary non-proceing
（第二十二课facilities;adequate tankage for storing crude oil,intermediate,and finished products;a dependable source of electrical power,material-handling equipment;workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day,7 day/week operation;waste disposal and water-treating equipment;and product-blending facilities.4、此外，一套完整的炼油装置须包括以下设备：所有必须的非工艺设施：足够的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品；可靠的电力和物质处理设备来源；用于维持一天24小时，一周七天连续运转所需的车间和物资：废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调合设施。5.In the early stages of refinery development,when illuminating and lubricating oils were the main products,distillation was the major and often only refinery proce.At that time,gasoline was a minor,but more often unwanted,product.As the demand for gasoline increased,conversion procees were developed because distillation could no longer supply the neceary quantities.5、在早期炼油工业发展过程中，照明用油和润滑油是主要的产品，蒸馏则成了主要的甚至经常是唯一的炼油工艺。当时，汽油本身尽管不是重要产品，但也常讨人嫌。随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。6.Neverthele,distillation has remained a major refinery proce and a proce to which just about every crude that enters the refinery is subjected.A multitude of separations are accomplished by distillation,but its most important and primary function in the refinery is its use for the separation of crude oil into component fractions.6、但是，蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺，而且所有原油进入炼厂都必须经过蒸馏。许多分离过程是通过蒸馏进行的，但蒸馏在炼油厂中的最重要和主要的功能则是它在将原油分离成不同馏分过程中的作用。
The Magic of Energy）
3、当燃料与氧气结合，我们就说燃料开始燃烧了，实际发生的是化学能（燃料与氧气）转化成热能。当燃料（我们吃的食物）与我们呼吸的氧气结合，我们获得我们身体运动所需的热能。4.When you pop a frozen waffle into the toaster,electrical energy turns into heat energy.4、当你取出一块冷冻饼放进烤面包器时，电能转化成了热能。5.In the internal-combustion engine of a car,an electric spark explodes gaes in the cylinder;the heat energy moves the pistons,becoming mechanical energy to move the car.5、在汽车的内燃机引擎里，电火花引爆气缸里的燃料气体，然后热能推动活塞，成为机械能推动汽车行驶。
6.In a steam engine,the chemical energy of fuel is changed to heat energy;the heated water,now steam,forces the pistons to move.In a steam turbine,the steam pushes against blades.In both cases,mechanical energy results.6、在蒸汽机里，燃料里的化学能转化成热能，加热水，成为
水蒸汽，推动活塞运动。在燃气轮机里，水蒸汽推动的是叶片。在这两种情况中，都是机械能起的作用。
7.This changing from one form of energy to another can continue almost indefinitely.If,for instance,the steam engine or turbine is connected to a generator,the mechanical energy can become electrical energy,which can become heat energy(for the electric stove),mechanical energy(for the washer),etc.7、能量从一种形式转化为另一种形式的变化几乎能够平稳连续进行。比如说，如果蒸汽机或者蒸汽轮机和一个发电机联接起来，那么机械能就可以转化成电能，然后转化成热能（比如电炉）、机械能（如洗衣机）等等。
8.Thus,energy readily changes back and forth from one form to another.What starts out as one form of energy may be a totally different form when it reaches its final use.8、因此，能量可以轻易地从一种形式到另一种形式来回转换。从最初的能量形式到最后的使用形式，能的形态可能已经完全改变了。
Radiant Energy
辐射能9.Radiant energy is also called light energy.Our most important source of radiant energy is ,of course,the sun.Without it there would be no life,for plant life depends upon radiant energy-and we depend upon plant life.9、辐射能也称作光能。当然，我们人类最重要的光能的来源就是太阳。没有太阳，就没有生命，植物的生命依赖辐射能，而我们依赖植物的生命。
10.Other forms of radiant energy familiar to us are radio waves,infrared rays,ultra-violet rays,X rays,and gamma rays.10、我们熟悉的另外一些形式的辐射能是电磁波，红外线、紫外线、X射线和伽玛射线。Mechanical Energy
机械能11.In simplest terms,this is the energy of a moving object.Your heartbeat,the pushing of a lawn mower,a baseball speeding through the air,water falling onto a waterwheel,the prying up of a rock with a crowbar-all are mechanical energy,which,of course,was another form of energy earlier.11、用最简单的术语来描述，机械能就是移动着的物体拥有的能量。你的心脏跳动、推进割草机、棒球在空中高速飞过、水落入水轮机、用撬杠撬开石头等等，所有这些都是机械能，当然，在转化之前它是另一种能量形式。Electrical Energy
电能12.Electrical energy usually has to be changed to another form before it actually does what we want it to do.In the toaster,it changes to heat;in a tiny wrist watch or a subway train or a 75,000 horse-power industrial motor,it（第二十六课changes to mechanical energy.In an industrial proce called electrolysis,it changes to chemical energy.12、通常情况下，电能必须先转化为另一种形式的能，才能为我们所用。对烤面包机来说，电能转化成热能，在一个小小的手表里或者地铁列车里或者一台75000马力的工业电动机里，电能转化成机械能。在所谓的电解工业的过程中，它转化成化学能。Chemical Energy 化学能13.Various fuels such as coal,gas,oil and food are common examples of chemical energy.These fuels give off heat when they burn.The proce is called combustion or oxidation,and the heat itself is a form of energy.Man uses the energy from some kind of fuel for everything from flying to the moon to thinking about it.13、最常见的化学能包括煤、天然气、石油、和食物等各种各样的燃料。当这些燃料燃烧时释放出热能。这个过程我们称之为燃烧或者氧化反应，同时热本身也是能量的一种形式。人们从不同燃料中得到的能量，并用这些能量做任何事情，大到飞上月球，小到头脑的思考。
14.A special kind of chemical energy is nuclear energy,sometimes called atomic energy.These names come from the fact that the source of energy the nucleus,or core,of the atom,Nuclear fuels much as plutonium and uranium give off heat energy when fiion(the splitting of atoms in these fuels)occurs.Already we have seen tremendous advances in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,and many people see nuclear energy as the future answer to almost all of our energy need.14、核能是一种特殊的化学能，有时候我们称之为原子能。这个名称来自于原子能来源于核、或者原子核这样的事实。当核燃料，例如钋(应该为钚)和铀，发生核裂变时释放出热能（这些燃料中原子发生分裂）。我们已经看到和平利用核能所带来的巨大好处，并且很多人认为核能可以看作解决未来人类能源需求问题的答案。
Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences）
1.Petroleum geology is the application of geology(the study of rocks)to the exploration for and production of oil and gas.Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry,physics,and biology,involving the application of eentially abstract concepts to observed data.In the past these data were basically observation and subjective,but they are now increasingly physical and chemical,and therefore more objective.Geology,in general,and petroleum geology,in particular,still rely on value judgements based on experience and an aement of validity among the data presented.1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在过去，这些资料主要
凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学，仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。
2.The application of chemistry to the study of rocks(geochemistry)has many uses in petroleum geology.Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels.In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gro lithology.For example,the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related,whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so.Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial,and this detailed mineralogical information is eential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs.Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation,preserved in its original form,or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.2、化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细资料在许多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量我们可以从总的岩性得出某些通用的结论。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与相有关，而一般在碳酸盐岩中则并非如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在埋藏过程中孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用而提高。
3.Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tiues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound,kerogen,generates petroleum.3、有机化学则可应用于分析原油和天然气，研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作用，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物，揭示由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。4.The application of physics to the study of rocks(geophysics)is very important in petroleum geology.In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and,especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory,the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins.More specially,physical concepts are required to understand folds,faults,and diapirs,and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重（第三十二课要。地球物理的广泛应用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因和潜在石油资源作出了重要贡献。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。
5.Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of magnetism,gravity,and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps.Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology,porosity,and petroleum content of a reservoir.5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和地震勘探，是不可想象的。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。
6.Biology is applied to geology in several ways,notably through the study of foils(paleontology),and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation.The shift in emphasis from the use of macrofoils to microfoils for zonation,caused by oil exploration,has already been noted.Ecology,the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment,is also important in petroleum geology.Carbonate sediments,in general,and reefs,in particular,can only be studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora.Biology,and especially biochemistry,is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tiues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation.6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于地质学。较为明显的是用于化石研究(古生物学)，同时，生物学对区域地层对比和建立生物层序地层带具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘探引起的划带重点化石已经显然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成果。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成石油和天然气的研究很重要。
7.Geologists,in contrast to some nongeologists,believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and,furthermore,often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonyms,which they are not.Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted and are examined in more detail.If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted,then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.7、地质学家相对于非地质学家来说，更相信了解地质概念有助于寻找石油。而且，常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词，而实际上并非如此。石油并不是由沉积物中的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上得以证实。如果石油地质学者关于油气生成和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改变。
8.Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search.In 1982 a succeful oil finder from Midland,Texas,admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors hired them,all it did was to increase their costs per barrel of oil found.The South African State Oil Company(SOEKOR)is under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method,be it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique.These examples are not isolated cases,and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承认在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位德州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣了地质学家，结果只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行规定下，对每种发现石油的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是独一无二的，它说明寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探，而不是应用科学原理。
(第三十八课The Future of Energy 能源的未来)
Viewpoints: It's the End of Oil / Oil Is Here to Stay 观点：石油的终结/石油仍有潜力 1.It's the End of Oil 石油的终结
2.World oil production is about to reach a peak and go into its final decline.For years,a handful of petroleum geologists,including me,have been predicting peak oil before 2007,but in an era of cheap oil,few people listened.Lately,several major oil companies seem to have got the meage.One of Chevron's ads says the world is currently burning 2 bbl.of oil for every barrel of new oil discovered.ExxonMobil says 1987 was the last year that we found more oil worldwide than we burned.Shell reports that it will expand its Canadian oil-sands operations but elsewhere will focus on finding natural gas and not oil.It sounds as though Shell is kiing the oil busine goodbye.M.King Hubbert,a geophysicist,correctly predicted in 1956 that oil production in the U.S.would peak in the early 1970s-the moment now known as “Hubbert's Peak.” I believe world oil production is about to reach a similar peak.2.世界石油产量将达到顶峰并最终下滑。几年来，一些石油地质学家，包括我，一直预言2007年前达到石油高峰，但是当时油价格便宜时，很少有人听得进去。最近，几个主要的石油公司似乎已经了解这个信息了。雪佛龙的广告说世界现在每发现一桶石油就要燃烧两桶石油。埃克森美孚说1987年是我们发现石油比燃烧石油数量多的最后一年。壳牌报告指出它将扩大在加拿大的油砂作业，但是在其它地方则会集中注意力寻找天然气而不是石油。听起来壳牌似乎要跟石油买卖告别了。地球物理学家金.胡伯特在1956年正确地预言了美国石油生产将在20世纪70年代初期达到高峰。现在人们称这一时期为“胡伯特高峰”。我认为世界石油生产将达到一个类似的高峰。
3.Finding oil is like fishing in a pond.After several months,you notice that you are not catching as many fish.You could buy an expensive fly rod-new technology.Or you could decide that you have already caught most of the fish in the pond.Although increased oil prices(which ought to spur investment in oil production)and new technology help,they can't work magic.Recent discoveries are modest at best.The oil sands in Canada and Venezuela are extensive,but the Canadian operations to convert the deposits into transportable oil consume large amounts of natural gas,which is in short supply.3.寻找石油就像在一个池塘里钓鱼。几个月后，你会发现你没有钓到那么多鱼。你可以买一个昂贵的采用全新技术的鱼竿，或者你也可以认为你已经掉到了池塘里大多数鱼。虽然上涨的失忆价格（本来应该带动石油生产投资）和新技术有所帮助，但是它们并不会带来奇迹。最近最好的发现也不过是不错而已。加拿大和委内瑞拉的油砂数量比较大，但是加拿大将这些储藏转化成可运输的石油的工作耗费了大量的短缺天然气。
4.And technology cannot eliminate the difficulty Hubbert identified: the rate of producing oil depends on the fraction of oil that has not yet been produced.In other words,the fewer the fish in the pond,the harder it is to catch one.Peak production occurs at the halfway point.Based on the available data about new oil fields,there are 2,013 billion bbl.of total producible oil.Adding up the oil produced from the birth of the industry until today,we will reach the dreaded 1,006.5-billion-bbl.halfway mark late this year.For two years,I've been predicting that world oil production would reach its peak on Thanksgiving Day 2005.Today,with high oil prices pushing virtually all oil producers to pull up every barrel they can sweat out of the ground,I think it might happen even earlier.4.技术也不能完全消除困难。胡伯特指出：石油生产取决于还未生产的那部分石油。换句话说，池子里的鱼越少，想钓到鱼就越难。高峰产量现在出现在半路的位置。根据可查到的新的油田的数据，总共有两万零一百三十亿桶可生产的石油。加上从石油产业出现至今所有的石油产量，今天，随着高涨的石油价格迫使所有石油生产商提高他们奋力掏出的每桶石油的价格[此句话个人觉得前后矛盾]，我想这一天可能会更早地到来。今年下半年刚好是在半数的位置。两年来，我一直预言世界石油产量将在2005年感恩节时到达高峰。我们就会得到一个令人忧心的数字一万零六十五亿桶。
(第四十一课 An Introduction to Petrochemicals)
2.The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum,natural gas,and natural gas liquids as sources of raw materials.It is likely that in exce of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources.2、化学工业的原材料来源严重依赖石油、天然气和液态天然气。当今所应用的上千种不同的基本有机化学产品中很可能有超过90％的产品来自这些资源。
3.The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry.However,as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types,it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs.3、石油化学工业是随着石油工业发展起来的，而且有人认为已是一个成熟的工业部门。然而，从原油类型变化的最新趋势来看，石油化学工业同样需要进一步发展以适应技术发展的需要。
4.The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products.The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial chemicals,household chemicals,fertilizers,and paints,as well as intermediates for the manufacture of products,such as synthetic rubber and plastics.4、从石油和天然气组分中生产化学产品或化学中间产品极好地证明了这些物质能够转换成更有价值的产品。从石油和天然气提取的单个化学产品数量众多；包括工业产品、家庭用品、化肥、油漆、以及用于生产其他产品的中间产品，如合成橡胶和塑料。
5.The proceing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that are,eentially,the building blocks of other chemicals industries,is now very extensive.5、石油碳氢化合物通过加工所生产的物质，基本上是其他化学工业的预制品，这种加工目前范围十分广泛。
6.Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of procees that are used during the refining of petroleum.Gasoline,kerosene,fuel oils,Lubricating
oils,waxes,asphalts,and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals,since they are not,in the true sense,chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.6、石化产品一般指直接或间接地从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是烃类的均质混合物。
7.The claification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds,but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources,and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification.7、象“石化产品”这样的物质分类用来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其他途径生产，因而这一名称只是用来识别原料。
（第四十六课 Oil油）
5.There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil.The drill may just mi the oil although it is near;on the other hand,it may strike oil at a fairly high level.When the drill goes down,it brings up soil.The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil.If they are disappointed at one place,the drillers go to another.Great sums of money have been spent,for example in the deserts of Egypt,in 'prospecting' for oil.Sometimes little is found.When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars,we pay not only the cost of the petrol,but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.5、在钻井采油中也常要碰运气。钻头可能离油很近，但却失之交臂。而有时钻头可能在很浅处就碰上了油。钻头钻下去，把土带上来。人们检验从不同深处带上来的土样以探明油迹。如果一处落空了，钻井工就转移到另一处。为了“勘探”石油，已花费了巨额钱财，例如在埃及沙漠就是那样。有时所获甚微。当我们为自己的汽车购买几加仑汽油时，我们付的不仅仅是汽油的价钱，而且还包括了一部分不断在进行着的勘探费用。
6.When the crude oil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineries to be treated.The commonest form of treatment is heating.When the oil is heated,the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol.Petrol has a low boiling point;if a little is poured into the hand,it soon vaporizes.Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin.Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced.What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.6、当原油从油田取得后，就被送往炼油厂去处理。最常见的处理方式是加热。油加热时最早升起的蒸汽冷却后就为最好的汽油。汽油沸点低，如果倒入少许在手上，它立即就蒸发掉。稍后从油中分离出来的气体就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各种不同等级的润滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。
7.There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear.The first is that of the Middle East,and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea,the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf,another is the area between North and South America,and the third,between Asia and Australia,Includes the islands of Sumatra,Borneo and Java.7、世界上已探明的主要蕴藏石油地区有4个，第一是中东地区，包括里海、黑海、红海和波斯湾附近地区，另一个是北美和南美间的油区，而第三个是亚洲和澳洲之间的地区，包括苏门答腊、婆罗洲和爪洼岛。
8.The forth area is the part near the North Pole.When all the present oilfields are exhausted,it is poible that this cold region may become the scene of oil activity.Yet the difficulties will be great,and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work.If progre in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough,it is poible that oil-driven engines may give place to the new kind of engine.In that case the demand for oil will fall,the oilfields will gradually disappear,and the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are for ever.8、第四个油区是靠近北极那部分区域。当所有现今的油田都枯竭了的时候，这一寒冷地区可能会成为石油竞争活动的场所。然而困难将是很大的，同时代价也可能很高，因此没有一家公司肯承担这一任务。如果利用原子能来开动机器方面的工作进展迅速，那么以油为动力的发电机可能让位于新型发动机。在那种情况下，对石油的需求量将下降，油田将逐渐消失，而北极的储油也可能永远睡在原地。
（第48课 Managing In a Global Environment 在全球环境中进行管理）
4.美国的管理者习惯于稳定的法律和政治体系。在这一体系中，变化是缓慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，选举定期举行，即使总统大选后的政党变化也不会引起快速的、根本的改变。由于支配个人和机构行为的法律是稳定的，因此就可以进行准确的预测，而其它国家并非都是如此。在全球组织任职的管理者必须熟知他们经营业务的国家所特有的法律体系。
5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments.Managers ofbusinees in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability.For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.5.一些国家的政府在相当长的历史时间内都是不稳定的。这些国家的企业管理者由于政治不稳定而面临高度不确定性。政治干预也是众多亚洲国家现实生活的一个方面。
6.The legal-political environment doesn't have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers.Just the fact that a country's laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important.Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.6.法律-政治环境并非只有不稳定或具有革命性才会引起管理者的注意。事实上，一个国家法律或政治体系与美国的差异才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他们经营中的约束以及存在的机会，就必须认识这些差异。
7.The Economic Environment 经济环境8.The global manager must be aware of economic iues when doingbusine in other countries.One of the first is understanding the type of economicsystem under which the country operates.The two major types are a marketeconomy and a command economy.A market economy is one in which resourcesare primarily owned and controlled by the private sector.A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government.In actuality,no economy is purely market or command.For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control.The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based.Then there's China,a country that's more command based,but is moving to be more market-based.Why would managers need to know about a country's economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions.Other economic iues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.8.全球管理者在其它国家开展业务必须了解一些经济因素。首先，要知道所在国家的经济体制类型。两种主要的经济体制是：市场经济和计划经济。在市场经济中，资源主要是由私营企业所掌握和控制。在计划经济中，经济决策由中央政府决定。事实上，没有一种经济是纯市场或纯计划的。例如，英美两国都处在市场经济的一端，但是他们还有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鲜的经济在更大程度上以控制为基础。还有中国，这个国家正从偏重以计划为基础向偏重以市场为基础转化。为什么管理者必须了解一个国家经济体制的情况呢？因为这可能会约束他们的决策和行为。管理者必须了解的其它经济因素包括汇率、通货膨胀和不同的税收政策。
9.A global firm's profits can vary dramatically depending on the strength ofits home currency and the currencies of the countries in which it operates.Anydevaluation of a nation's currency significantly affects the level of a company'sprofits.The strength of a foreign nation's currency can also affect manager'sdecisions.9.一个全球化公司的利润会受到本国货币及其经营所在国货币的比值的影响而发生剧烈的变化。一国货币任意幅度地升值都能影响管理者的决策和公司的利润水平。
10.Inflation means that prices for produce and services are going up.But it also affects interest rates,exchange rates,the cost of living,and the general confidence in a country's political and economic system.In most developing countries,consumer prices are rising more slowly than they were in the late 1990s,although inflation rates can,and do,very widely.Managers need to monitor inflation trends so they can make good decisions and anticipate any poible changes in a country's monetary policies.10.通货膨胀意味着产品和服务价格持续上升。同时，它还会影响利率、汇率、生活成本和对国家政治经济体制的总体信任。在大多数发展中国家，物价比20世纪90年代末要上涨得慢，尽管通货膨
胀率也确实发生了剧烈的变化。管理者必须密切关注通货膨胀趋势以做出明智的决策，并预测国家货币政策任何可能的变化。（第51课 Sales Promotion 产品促销）
1.Sales promotion consists of those promotional
activities other than advertising,personal selling,and publicity.As such,any promotional activities that do not fall under the other three activities of the promotion mix are considered sales promotion.The trade often uses the term indiscriminately.Businepersons may use the term “promotion”when they actually mean “sales promotion.”For purpose here,promotion is a broad term that encompaes sales promotion as well as the other three promotional activities.1、产品促销指的是不同于广告、个人销售和宣传的推销活动。因此，不属于以上三种推销活动的推销活动都被认为是促销。实际生活中经常不加区分地使用这一概念。商务人员在说“推销”时，实际上指的是“促销”。本文中，推销是一个广义的概念，它包括促销以及其他三种推销活动。
4.Sales promotion is not restricted to the stimulation of demand at the consumer level.It may be used to gain middlemen's support as well.In Order to get Thai middlemen to carry Foremost's dairy products,the company used leasing and conditional sales contracts to provide small retail outlets' and restaurants with freezers for $1 if contract terms were met.Foremost also had to convince these resellers not to store other products in the freezers and not to unplug freezer units at night to save electricity.4、促销不仅局限于拉动消费者的需求，也可以用来赢得中间商的支持。为了使泰国的中间商销售其乳制品，Foremost公司运用租赁和有条件销售合同以一美元的价格向那些零售小商店和饭店提供冰柜，条件是要满足合同条款。同时，该公司还得说服这些转卖商不要在冰柜中储存其他产品，并且不要为了省电而在夜间拔去冰柜插座。5.The use of sales promotion is not limited to consumer products.It can be used with industrial selling too.Misawa Homes promoted its House 55 by sending samples to U.S.Homes and Germany's Okal.Pfizer,like other drug firms,attracts drug wholesalers by sponsoring trips and other events.Gifts are given to doctors,and doctors' wives are taken on shopping tours.5、促销手段的运用不仅仅限于消费品，它也可以用于工业销售。MisawaHomes为了推销其House55产品而向美国的Homes公司和德国的Okal公司寄送样品。与此类似，Pfizer公司同其他药品公司一样，通过组织旅游和其他活动来吸引药品批发商。他们向医生们赠送礼品，而且组织医生的夫人们进行购物旅游。7.Sales promotion is effective when a product is first introduced to a market.It also works well with existing products that are highly competitive and
standardized,especially when they are of low unit-value and have high turnover.Under such conditions,sales promotion is needed to gain that “extra”competitive advantage.A Japanese firm created a great deal of excitement in Thailand by including game cards in its detergent boxes,and consumers could not resist buying more and more in search of the winning cards,Likewise,most gas stations in Thailand at one time gave free washcloths with a gas fill-up.Middlemen were also allowed to participate in the sales-promotion program.Stores were informed of the display,and their salespeople or sales clerks were made aware of the program and benefits.7、当某种产品首次进入一个市场时，促销活动是相当有效的。如果产品本身极具竞争力，而且比较规范，那么，促销也适用于现有产品。尤其是如果这种产品单价较低而且流通量大。在这种条件下，就需要促销以赢得额外的竞争优势。一家日本公司通过将游戏纸牌装在其洗涤剂盒子中，结果在泰国引起轰动效应。消费者情不自禁，越买越多，希望得到胜张。与此类似，在泰国大多数加油站，顾客每加一次油，即可免费得到一块清洗布。中间商同样可以参加促销活动。经销商店及时了解产品展示信息，商店的销售人员和职员对这些活动及其利益一清二楚。
56.Why Antarctica Is Being Explored 为什么要勘探南极洲 1.When the United States was born,the continent of Antarctica was as remote as the moon-more so,in a way,because the moon was clearly visible and the very existence of Antarctica was uncertain.But now that remote land area is so attainable and so important that it has become the subject of an international treaty which protects it from national rivalries yet leaves it open to all for exploration and use.The pact arranging this is even being viewed as a model applicable to the moon and other celestial bodies.1、在美国诞生之时，对人们来说南极洲就像月球一样遥远-从某种角度说，甚至更远，因为月亮清楚可见，而南极大陆是否真实存在还无法确定。但是今天，这块遥远的陆地已变得如此触之可及并且如此重要，以致它已受到一个国际公约的保护，使其免于成为国家间竞相抢夺的对象，而是对所有国家开放，供大家共同开发和利用。这个公约甚至被视为一个范本，适用于月球和其他天体的开发。
2.Yet many people,thinking of the distant continent only as a bleak,rocky,cold and inhospitable land ma,may wonder: Why all the fu? Why protect something so unpromising?
2、至今仍有很多人认为这块遥远的大陆仅仅是一大片荒凉、寒冷、岩石林立、根本无法居住的土地。他们可能很奇怪：为什么如此小题大做?为什么要保护这样一块毫无前途的土地? 3.The answer lies in a number of factors,not the least of which is isolation itself.Antarctica is a very large area of the earth's surface,but-until recent years-was the least studied.More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.3、这些问题的答案由许多因素所决定，并不仅仅是这块大陆本身与世隔绝这么简单。南极洲是地球表面上一块巨大的土地，但是，直到近年，人类的研究都很少涉及于此。更多地了解南极洲对全人类来说都非常重要。
4.A look at a globe is perhaps the best way to appreciate
the significance of this peculiar continent.The globe shows that the entire southern hemisphere is preponderantly water-the widest parts of the Atlantic and Pacific,the unbroken sweep of Antarctic seas circling the world.Although much of South America,parts of Africa and all of Australia lie south of the equator,most of the world's land lies north of the line.4、仔细观察地球仪也许能帮助我们了解这个神奇大陆的重要性。地球仪显示，水在整个南半球占绝对优势-包括大西洋和太平洋最广阔的部分以及环抱地球的南极海洋。尽管绝大部分南美洲、部分非洲以及整个澳洲位于赤道以南，但地球上的大部分陆地还是分布在赤道以北。
5.Antarctica stood in splendid-even awesome-isolation from the rest of the world for countle years.Its forbidding climate and wild seas prevented the migration and development of land animals such as the Arctic regions know.On the continent itself are a few insects,some lichens and moes,but nothing else that is land supported.However,there are amphibious penguins and seals and a rich marine life,ranging from the minute organisms called plankton to the biggest creature the world has ever known,the blue whale.5、南极洲的壮丽引人敬畏，在无数的岁月里，它就这样孤独傲立于世界。和人们已熟知的北极区域一样，它那令人难以亲近的气候和狂野的海浪使得陆地动物无法迁移至此和繁衍。依附于南极洲陆地生存的只有很少的一些昆虫、地衣和苔藓。然而，这里却有着两栖的企鹅和海豹以及丰富的海洋生命-包括从被称为浮游生物的微小生物，直到迄今所知世界上最大的动物蓝鲸。、6.The Antarctica treaty applies to all areas(the high seas excepted)below latitude 60 degrees south.This line,running around the globe some 2,000 miles from the South Pole itself,just mies the lower tip of South America,and is well below the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand.There are a number of small islands between this line and the Antarctic continent,but the waters here are known to mariners as “the screaming Sixties” because there is so little obstruction to the world-circling winds.6、《南极洲公约》适用于除公海以外位于南纬60度以南的所有区域。南纬60度线距南极点大约2000英里，它环绕地球，刚好错过南美洲的最南端，远在好望角和新西兰之南。该线和南极洲之间分布着一些小岛，但是，这里的海域被水手们称为“狂啸的60度”，因为这里障碍物很少，阻挡不了“世界环风”。
7.In contrast,in the northern hemisphere,the lands lying above the sixtieth parallel of latitude include much of Scandinavia,Siberia and Alaska,all of Greenland and Iceland,with a total population of several million.Great mountains help subdue the winds;a spur of the Gulf Stream and part of the Japan Current temper the frigid airs of this polar region.This,and the presence of the Arctic Ocean in the center of the great land ma,give the area a markedly different conformation and climate from that around the opposite pole.7、与之相对的北半球，北纬60度平行线以北区域，包括斯堪的纳维亚半岛、西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的大部分地区，以及格陵兰岛和冰岛的全部，人口总数几百万。高山阻碍了风的前进；墨西哥湾流和部分日本洋流使这里的极地寒冷空气有所缓和；再加上北冰洋又处在大块陆地的中央。这一切使得这块区域相对于地球另一端来说，在构架和气候方面存在显著的不同。8.Antarctica seems a vast basin of rock,filled and overflowing with a load of ice.In the heart of the continent it is almost as high as the summits of the Alps,yet soundings show that in places that rock floor is below sea level.8、南极洲看似一个巨大的石盆，被冰所覆盖。大陆的中心几乎与阿尔卑斯山等高，然而，超声探测显示，岩石底部的许多地点都低于海平面。
9.Actually,the ice accumulation is le than it was perhaps 1,000 years ago.Its seaward flow is not so voluminous as it once was,and as a result there are patches of bare rock here and there along the coast and inland.They were scoured clear of soil ages ago,but one may sometimes find mo or lichens growing,though virtually no flowering plants.9、事实上，与1000年前相比，这些冰的堆积物减少了许多，尤其是朝向大海的一面已经不像以前那么多了，在海岸边和陆地上留下一片片裸露的岩石。很多年前这里的土壤已经被冲刷干净，实际上已找不到开花植物的踪影，但有时还能发现地衣和苔藓。
10.In all this barrenne and cold,what is there of value? First,Antarctica is bound to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents.Coal-much of it of poor quality-has been found at many points along the 2,000 mile mountain system known as the Great Antarctica Horst.A writer has found a small deposit of manganese ore and rock specimens flecked with uranium or stained green by copper.These finds are important only as indications that further exploration would be worthwhile,and such a systematic effort has begun under SCAR(the Special Committee on Antarctic Research).This group is an outgrowth of the International Geophysical Year(I.G.Y.);but its program has broadened from geophysics to include mapping and biology.10、这样一个空旷寒冷的地方，到底有什么价值?首先，南极洲的地下一定有能与其它几个主要大陆相媲美的矿产资源。在被称为南极大地垒的山脉附近，沿线2000英里范围内已有多处找到了煤，尽管大多数质量很差。一名作家还发现了一个不大的锰矿堆积体和一些粘染有铀痕迹或者带着铜绿斑痕的矿石标本。这些发现的重要性在于它表明在这一地区进行深入的勘探是很有价值的，并且在“南极洲研究特别委员会(SCAR)”的指导下，系统的工作已经开始了。这个组织是国际地球物理学年会(LGY)的一个派生机构，但是它的项目已经从地球物理学拓展到地图测绘和生物学。
11.There are other poible economic values.Several intercontinental air routes lie acro portions of
Antarctica.Strange antibiotics have been found in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas;the Ruians are reported to be carrying in live herring to be dumped overboard in an attempt at sea “farming.”
11、除此之外还有其他的经济价值。有数条洲际航线经过南极上空；在南极海洋的浮游植物里已发现了一些前所未知的抗生素；据报道，俄国人要将鲱鱼苗倒进海洋，尝试在南极“放养”。
12.But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in other lines of research-from the common cold to problems of outer space.The former is under scrutiny at a biological laboratory at McMurdo Sound,where clues to certain viruses are being sought in the study of epidemics among the utterly isolated members of scientific parties.12、但是，就近期看来，南极洲的重要价值却存在于其他的研究领域：从普通的感冒到外层空间的问题。对于感冒的研究已经在位于麦克默多湾(McMurdo Sound)的生物学实验室里紧锣密鼓地进行，一群完全与外界隔绝的科学组织的人员正从流行病学的角度寻找一些特殊的病毒。
13.Investigations of the weather's origins and patterns are being preed.There is no question that Antarctica plays an important role in the weather that affects the destinies of those living south of the equator;some believe its effects are felt in the north as well.13、对于气候的形成和模式的研究也正在加速进行。毫无疑问，在气候方面南极洲扮演着一个重要的角色，与生活在赤道以南的人们息息相关；甚至有人认为它的影响也同样波及到了北半球。
14.As to space research,there is no place on earth better suited than the South Pole for certain kinds of observation.Here is a firmly fixed point,in contrast to the drifting floes that cover the North Pole;from it all directions are north,and during the six months of darkne the stars circle around a point directly overhead.The United States established an observatory there in 1957 for the I.G.Y.and has maintained it ever since.14、在空间研究方面，南极是地球上最适宜的进行观察的地方。与北极上；覆盖的漂流浮冰相比，这里是一个稳定的点。这里所有的方向都是北，在长达六个月的黑夜中，星星围绕的中心点就在头顶。1957年，美国为国际地球物理学年会在此处建立了一个观测站，并且一直维持至今。15.Now it is an ideal space tracking station.Any vehicle on a miion in the southern half of the heavens remains continuously “visible” to an antenna at the pole.Such a station is also able to play a unique role in interrogating earth satellites in orbit over both poles.15、现在，这里是最理想的空间跟踪站。在南半球的太空中执行任务的所有飞行器都可被极点上的天线持续追踪。同时，这个观测站还在监视两极轨道上的地球卫星方面发挥不可替代的作用。
16.Such satellites-maintaining their steady sweeps as the earth revolves beneath them-cover all parts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather observation,communications and other tasks.The South Pole would be the check point on each circuit,snatching the data from space,proceing them in computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world.16、这些卫星处在平稳旋转的地球上空，几乎可以对全球的所有地区进行稳定的扫描，因此能很好地完成气象观察、通讯以及其它任务。南极点将成为这些卫星环球轨迹的检查站，从太空采集数据、通过电脑在几秒钟之内处理数据，并传送到世界各地。
17.On all these counts,the scientists justify their voyages to Antarctica and the vast sums needed.But eentially their argument is a simple one.The great continent to the south is still largely unknown.In the quest for fundamental knowledge,which is the heart and soul so all science,it cannot be ignored.17、综上所述，科学家们认为应当进行南极勘探，同时需要大量的资金。但是，他们最根本的论据很简单：南方的这块大陆在很大程度上仍是个迷。为了探索基础知识-而探索基础知识也正是科学的核心和灵魂所在-这个地区不容忽视。
60.The Rise of the Green Building 绿色建筑的兴起 1.It is officially known as The Swi Re Tower, or 30 St Mary Axe.Londoners universally refer to the new 41-storey building as “The Gherkin”,though it actually looks more like a pine cone.As a typical example of green architecture, what is most remarkable about the building is its energy-efficiency.Thanks to its artful design and some fancy technology, it is expected to consume up to 50% le energy than a comparable conventional office building.Green architecture is changing the way buildings are designed, built and run.1.它的正式名为瑞士再保险公司大楼或圣玛丽.阿克斯30号。伦敦市民都把这幢新的41层高楼叫做“小黄瓜”，尽管它实际上看起来更像一个松果。作为绿色建筑的典范，这幢高楼的卓越之处在于它具有高效节能的特点。由于其巧妙的设计和梦幻的技术，这幢高楼有望比同类传统办公室节省能源消耗50%以上。绿色建筑正在改变建筑物的设计、建造和管理方式。
2.Proponents of green architecture argue that the approach has many benefits.In the case of a large office, for example, the combination of green design techniques and clever technology can not only reduce energy consumption and environmental impact, but also reduce running costs, create a more pleasant working environment, improve employee's health and productivity, reduce legal liability, and boost property values and rental returns.2.绿色建筑的倡导者认为这种方式益处颇多。以一间大办公室为例，绿色设计工艺与精妙技术两者的结合不仅能减少能源消耗和对环境的负面影响，而且能降低运营成本，创造一个更为愉快的工作环境，增进雇员的身体健康，提高生产率，减少法律责任，以及提高地产价值和租赁收入。
3.Green architecture, a term which only came into use in the 1990s, has its origins in the energy crisis of the 1970s, when architects began to question the wisdom of building enclosed gla-and-steel boxes that required maive heating and cooling systems.Early proponents of more energy-efficient architecture included William McDonough, Bruce Fowle and Robert Fox in America, Thomas Herzog in Germany, and Norman Foster and Richard Rogers in Britain.3.绿色建筑这一术语在20世纪90年代才开始使用，最早源于20世纪70年代的能源危机。当时建筑师们开始质疑用玻璃和钢筋建造盒状的封闭式建筑是否明智，因为这样的建筑需要大型供暖和制冷系统。早期倡导建筑高效节能建筑的人士有美国的威廉.麦克多若、布鲁斯.福尔、罗伯特.福克斯，德国的托马斯.赫佐格，以及英国的诺曼.福斯特和理查德.罗杰斯。
4.These forward-looking architects began to explore designs that focused on the long-term environmental impact of maintaining and operating a building.This approach has since been formalized in a number of aement and rating systems, such as the BREEAM standard introduced in Britain in 1990, and the LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)standards developed by the United Stated Green Building Council(USGBC)starting in 2000.4.这些有远见的建筑师们开始注重探索新的设计─注重建筑的维护及管理对环境造成的长期负面影响。这种方式已规范为若干评估分级体系，如1990年在英国开始实施的BREEAM（建筑研究组织环境评估方法）标准如2000年开始实施的由美国绿色建筑委员会制定开发的LEED（能源及环境设计领导计划）标准。5.The LEED standards are intended to produce “the world's greenest and best buildings” by giving developers a straightforward checklist of criteria by which the greenne of a building can be judged.Points are awarded in various categories, from energy use(up to 17 points);to water-efficiency(up to five points)to indoor environment quality(up to 15 points);the total then determines the building's LEED rating.Extra points can be earned by installing particular features, such as renewable-energy generators or carbon-dioxide monitoring systems.A building that achieves a score of 39 points earns a “gold” rating;52 points earns a “platinum” rating.A gold-rated building is estimated to have reduced its environmental impact by 50% compared with an equivalent conventional building, and a platinum-rated building by over 70%.5.LEED标准旨在为开发商提供一份简洁明了的标准来评判建筑绿色的程度，建造出“世界上最为环保的最佳建筑物”。评分高低依据以下几个方面：能源利用（最高17分）、用水效率（最高5分）、室内环境质量（最高15分）。总分将决定建筑的LEED标准的级别。如果安装了可更新能源发生器或者二氧化碳监测系统等特别装置的话，可以赢得额外的加分。凡是达到39的建筑被评为“黄金”级；达到52分的为“白金”级。据估计，相比较传统的建筑，黄金级建筑对环境的负面影响将减少50%，白金级别的建筑将减少70%以上。
6.As green architecture moves into the mainstream, more green buildings came up.The USGBC says nearly 1,700 buildings in 50 states of America are now seeking LEED certification and 137 have been constructed and certified so far.The 48-storey Conde Nast Building at 4 Times Square in New York was one of the first examples in which green-architecture principles were applied to a large urban office building.In Britain, 70 office buildings constructed during 2003, representing 25%of the total by floor area, met the BREEAM standard.Similar standards have been adopted in New Zealand, Australia and Canada.In China, the Beijing Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games aims to host the first zero-net-emiions Games, which will include constructing all buildings and sports venues using green-architecture principles.6.随着绿色建筑成为主流，越来越多的绿色建筑落成。美国绿色建筑委员会称，美国50个州共有近1700幢建筑正在申请LEED标准认证。到目前为止，已有137幢建筑建成并获得认证。树立于纽约时代广场的4号的48层高楼康德.纳什大厦是最早将绿色建筑原理应用于大型城市办公大楼的范例之一。英国在2003年建成的70间办公楼均符合BREEAM标准，占总建筑面积的25%。新西兰、澳大利亚和加拿大也采用了类似的标准。在中国，北京奥组委力争主办第一个零排放奥运会，这将包括运用绿色建筑原理建造所有的建筑物和体育场馆。
7.There are many ways to reduce a building's environmental impact.30 St Mary Axe, designed by Foster and Partners, does so by using natural lighting and ventilation wherever poible.The front of the building consists of two layers of gla(the outer one double-glazed)enclosing a ventilated cavity with computer-controlled blinds.A system of weather sensors on the outside of the building monitors the temperature, wind speed and level of sunlight, closing blinds and opening windows panels as neceary.The building's shape maximizes the use of natural daylight, reducing the need for artificial lighting and providing impreive long-distance views even from deep inside the building.7.若要减少建筑对环境的负面影响，方法有多种。由福斯特及合伙人公司设计的圣玛丽·阿克斯30号是通过尽可能地利用自然光和通风来做到这一点的。大厦正面由两层玻璃组成（外层玻璃是双面涂釉的），内设通风孔和由电脑控制的百叶窗。位于建筑外部的天气传感器系统检测温度、风速和光照强度，必要时关闭窗帘或开启窗户。大厦的外观设计最大限度地利用自然光，减少人为照明的需要，提供令人难忘的远观风景，即使在大厦的深处也能观景。
8.The highest-profile green building currently on the drawing board is the Freedom Trade Center in New York.The
main tower, which will rise 1,776 feet, will include solar panels and a wind farm, the turbines of which are expected to deliver around one megawatt of power, enough to provide up to 20% of the building's expected demand.Like other green buildings, it will rely on natural light and ventilation, and energy-efficient lighting.8.目前仍处于绘图设计阶段的最令人关注的绿色建筑是将建于纽约的自由贸易塔。主塔高达1176英尺，包括太阳能主板和风力发电机组。其涡轮机预期发电约1000千瓦，这足以提供大厦所需能源的20%。和其他绿色建筑一样，它将依靠自然光和通风以及高效节能的照明系统。
9.High energy costs, environmental concerns and anxiety about the “sick building syndrome” aociated with the sealed-box structures of the 1970s all helped to jump-start the green-architecture movement.But now economics is driving the shift towards greener design.9.高昂的能源成本、对环境问题的关注和与20世纪70年代盒状封闭式建筑相关的“病态建筑综合症”所引发的忧患共同推动了绿色建筑运动的兴起。但是，现在经济正驱使建筑转向更为绿色的方向。
10.Going green saves money by reducing long-term energy costs: a survey of99 green buildings in America found that on average, they use 30% le energythan comparable conventional buildings.So any additional building costs can be recovered quickly: according to the USGBC the 2% increase in construction costs required to achieve a LEED gold rating typically pays for itself in lower running costs within two years.The traditional approach of trying to minimize construction costs, by contrast, can lead to higher energy bills and wasted materials.10.绿色建筑减少了长期能源消耗而节省了开支。调查发现，美国99幢绿色建筑的平均耗能比同类传统建筑减少了30%。因此，任何附加的建筑成本能够很快的得到补偿。根据美国绿色建筑委员会的统计，为达到LEED黄金级标准所需增加的2%的建筑成本通常会在两年内通过低运营成本而自行抵消。相反，设法降低建筑成本的传统做法会导致更高的能源消耗费用和材料的费用。11.Energy-saving techniques need not all be as exotic as installing coated gla, computer-controlled blinds or photovoltaic cells.Michael Crosbie, an architect at Steven Winter Aociates, a consultancy based in Norwalk, Connecticut, says builders are now insulating buildings more effectively, in some cases using materials such as recycled paper and fabrics, including old, shredded jeans.11.节省能源的技术并非一定包括如安装涂釉玻璃、由电脑控制的百叶窗或光生伏打电池等一些奇特的方式。在康涅狄格州诺沃克一家名叫史蒂文·温特的咨询公司工作的建筑师迈克尔·克洛斯比说，建筑商正在更有效的使建筑物绝缘，在有些情况下他们还会利用诸如可再生纸张和包括破旧牛仔布在内的织物等材料。
12.Green buildings can also have le obvious economic benefits.The use of natural daylight in office buildings, for example, as well as reducing energy costs, also seems to make workers more productive.Lockheed Martin, an aerospace firm, found that absenteeism fell by 15% after it moved 2,500 employees into a new green building in Sunnyvale, California.Similarly, me use of daylight in shopping complexes appears to increase sales.It also found that students in naturally lit clarooms performed up to 20% better.The increase in productivity paid for the building's higher construction costs witfiin a year.Green buildings can also reduce legal liabilities for their owners, since they are le likely to give rise to “sick building” lawsuits.12.绿色建筑还会带来不太明显的经济效益。比如，在办公大楼里利用自然光，不仅能减少能源成本，似乎也能使工人们的生产率提高。洛克希德·马汀航空公司发现，自公司的2500位员工搬入加利福尼亚桑尼维尔的一幢新的绿色建筑工作以后，旷工率减少了35%。同样的，商场使用自然光似乎能提高销售额。他们还发现，学生在自然照明的教室中学习，成绩提高了20%。生产率成本在一年内相抵。绿色建筑还能为其业主减少法律责任，因为他们不太可能引发与“病态建筑”相关的诉讼案。
13.Despite its benefits and its growing popularity, green architecture is still the exception.Not the rule, however.The main problem is co-ordination, for green buildings require much more planning by architects, engineers, builders and developers than traditional buildings.But new software is now improving planning by simulating how a building will perform before it is built.13.尽管绿色建筑益处多多，并越来越受欢迎，但这仍是个例，而非惯例。其主要问题在于协调，因为比起传统建筑，绿色建筑需要建筑师、工程师、建筑商和开发商更多的规划。不过，在建筑始建前便模拟出其运营状况的新型软件正使这种规划更为可行。
14.In the old days, says Mr.Bernstein, vice-president of the building solutions division at AutoDesk, a software company, aeing a building's environmental impact had to be done with spreadsheets, calculators and informed gueing, and three-dimensional modeling was primarily used to prepare presentations.But now the three-dimensional computer models are being used with sophisticated analytical tools.It is poible to predict how much energy and water a building will consume, how much material will be needed, and other parameters that determine its LEED certification.14.在一家名叫欧特克的软件公司的建筑问题处理部担任副总裁的伯恩斯坦先生说，过去在评估一幢建筑对环境的影响时必须运用电子表格程序、计算器和有根据的猜测，而三维模型主要为
准备演示所用。但是现在电脑三维模型结合精密分析工具的运用便可以预测一幢大楼所要消耗多少能源和水，需要多少材料，以及决定其获得LEED标准证书的其他参数。
15.Computers also make poible entirely new designs.30 St Mary Axe, for example, could not have been built without a computer model to specify the exact shape of every one of its 5,500 gla panels, or to model the airflow in and around Computers also make poible entirely new designs.30 St Mary Axe, for example, could not have been built without a computer model to specify the exact shape of every one of its 5,500 gla panels, or to model the airflow in and around it.Similarly, computer modeling made poible the Avax office building completed in Athens, Greece, in 1998.It has sheaves of gla which open and close automatically, depending on the intensity and angle of the sun, to provide sunlight while preventing the building from overheating.The ventilation system in Pittsburgh's convention center uses the natural “chimney effect” created by its sweeping roof to draw air through vents by the river below, cooling the building without using a single fan.15.电脑也使全新的设计成为可能。比如，如果没有电脑模型来具体计算出其5500块玻璃板中每一块的确切形状，或者对室内和周边空气的流动预制模型，圣玛丽·阿克斯30号就不可能建成。同样。正是凭借电脑模型设计才是1998年希腊雅典的爱瓦克斯办公楼得以建成。它有多层的玻璃窗，可根据阳光的强度和角度自动开启和关闭，在提供光照的同时防止大厦内部过热。匹兹堡会议中心的通风系统利用其弧形屋顶造成的自然的“烟囱效应”，把下面河边的空气通过通气孔吸上来，是大楼变得凉爽，一台电风扇都无需使用。
16.This is more than a mere fad, or the use of technology for the sake of it, says Mr.Bernstein.Green architecture will, he suggests, help to reshape the construction industry over the next five years, with ever more innovative, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.“No one is doing this for fun,” he says.“There's too much at stake.”
16.伯恩斯坦先生说，这不只是一种时尚，或者为技术而采用的技术。他认为，绿色建筑将有助于在未来的五年中重塑建筑业，建造出别具匠心、高效节能和环保的建筑。他说：“没有人是为了好玩才这么做，其中的利害关系太大了。”
To Have and have not 1.why did the writer want to to have a change of scene 2.what attracted the writer the light coming from inside 3.the writer found the s......
第十一篇 When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach Our senses aren’t just delivering 汪 strict view of what’s going on in the world; they’re affected by what’s going......
2014年职称英语卫生类A级考前押题(二) 第一部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选......
C级押题 Eat to Live A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‘s not much fun — and it might not even be neceary.We may be able to hang on to mos......
2014年职称英语卫生类A级考前押题(一) 词汇选项第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的......
