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INTELLIGENT VEHICLE
Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witneed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles 1.2 million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death.If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020.In fact, the U.S.Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion.When hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic.Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation profeionals began to apply them to traffic and road management.Thus was born the intelligent transportation system(ITS).Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed.In developed countries, travelers today have acce to signifi-cant amounts of information about travel conditions, whether they are driving their own vehicle or riding on public transit systems.As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil--and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace.Oil is not in resources.So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement.With the development of science and technology the progre of the society, people invented the electric car.Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age.The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of 1
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applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emiions purification.Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance.From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emiion control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration.Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmiion, electronic control(ABS/ASR)control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc.With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emiion regulations meet standards.The car is eential to modern traffic tools.And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation.Take for example, automatic transmiion in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength.Automatic transmiion consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmiion, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc.The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability.When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height.When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil.If is opposite, gas or diarrhea.To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability.Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used
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in electric cars.VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability.Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously.ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear.The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and paenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and paengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions.The realization of automatic driving through various sensors.Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc.Function.Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve paenger comfort.Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc-air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery.In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car.Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily.Fuel cell vehicles(FCEV)can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emiion in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open cla in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable.Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced.This is the question that day
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after timing will come.ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.The hardware and software of the intelligent vehicle are designed based on AVR.This system could set the route in advance.The vehicle could communicate with the PC vianRF401 and could run safely with the help of ultra sound detection and infrared measuring circuit.Neural network self-study is used to improve the intelligence of the vehicle.The performance of servo systems will determine the property of the robot.Based on AVRseries MCU，the velocity servo system for driving motor is created in this paper，including a discrete PIregulator which will work out a PWM control signal with applying the skill of integral separation.The velocities of motors will be controlled real-time with the speed sampling frequency set for 2KHz by using the AVR-GCC compiler software development.Compared to the servo system development based on the 51 Series MCU，the system here has these advantages of simpler peripheral circuit and faster data proceing.The experiments demonstrate that，the mobile robot runs stably and smoothly by the control of AVR units，and that the design proposal especially benefits the development of intelligent mobile robots，also can be widely used in the development of other smart devices and product lines.A new design of contest robot control system based on AVR Atmega8 was put forward.According to the character of contest robot , the main control unit , motor drive unit , sense detection unit and LCD display unit were introduced.Furthermore the servo driver system based on MCBL3006S , the line t racker sensor system and the obstacle avoidance sensor system were presented in detail.Finally the performance shows
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open,simple,easy programming,intelligent and efficiency.Avoidance rules of intelligent vehicle obstacle are intro ducted.Through the collection of infrared sensor formation,the rules use diode D1 to launch and diode D2 to receive infrared signals.Infrared transmitter signal without a dedicated circuit
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comes directly from the MCU clock frequency, which not only simplifier the circuit and debugging, but also make the circuit stability and anti-jamming capability greatly enhanced.After the experimental verification,the system runs reliably meet the design requirements.A smart car control system of the path information identified based on CCD camera was introduced.The hardware structure and scheme were designed.The control strategy of s teering mechanism was presented.The smart car not only can identify the road precisely, but also have ant-interference performance, and small steady state error.This article designed smart car system,includes the aspects of the sensor information acquisition and proceing, motor drive, control algorithm and control strategy etc.Using laser sensor to collect the road information which can feedback to the micro-controller control system,then making analytical proceing combined with the software.With velocity feedback and PID control algorithms to control steering engine and the speed of smart car.Verified by actual operation, this method makes smart car travel stably and reliably，and its average speed to reach 2.6m /s, and get a satisfied results.By the aid of the profeional know ledge of control, patter n recognition, sensor technology, aut omotive electronics, electricity, computer, machinery and so on, an intelligent vehicle system is designed with PID control algorithm,CCD detection system and HC9SDG128 MCU.Code Warrior IDE integrated development programming environment is taken as a basic softy are platform that can automatically deal with the traffic and image pro ceing, and then adjust the moving direction along the scheduled or bit by t he aid of a CCD camera.The system has many advantages, such as high reliability , high stability, good speed ability and scalability.Based on the research background of the Free-Scale smart car competition,a smart track following car is designed.In the car, the photo electricity sensor is used to check the path and obtain the information of racing road, and calculate the error
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between the car and the black line.The fuzzy control is used to control the velocity of the car.The experiments show that the smart car based on the fuzzy control has high accuracy on the judgment of the path, stability and velocity control.外文翻译
智能车
我们的社会充斥着各种各样的“机器智能“。在过去的世纪，我们目睹越来越多日常生活中的“苦差事“被机器设备解决，如洗衣机。
然而，一个既枯燥又危险的保留区域就是日常驾驶汽车。2002年，120万人死于交通事故，这是所有全球2.1％死亡，死因排名第11。如果这种趋势继续下去，估计从2020年起每一年死于道路交通统（ITS）。20世纪90年代中后期开始，它的系统进行了开发和部署。在发达国事故的人将达到850万人。事实上，美国交通部估计交通事故的整体社会成本每年超过2300亿美元。
数百或数千辆车共享相同的道路时，就导致了大家都熟悉的交通挤塞。交通挤塞破坏了我们的生活质量就像空气污染损害公众健康。1990年左右，公路运输的专业人士开始申请让他们在交通和道路管理。于是诞生了智能交通系家，旅客今天能够获得旅行条件的信息，无论是驾驶自己的车或乘坐公共交通系统。
随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。石油不是在生资源。所以必须在石油耗净之前找到一种代替品。随着科技的发展社会的进步，有人发明了电动汽车。电动汽车将成为人们最为理想的交通工具。
世界在各各方面的发展都取得丰硕成果，尤其是随着汽车电子技术和计算机以及发展迅速的信息时代。电子控制技术在汽车上得到了广泛应用，汽车上应用的电子装置越来越丰富，电子技术不仅用来改善和提高传统汽车电器的质量和性能，而且还提高了汽车的动力性、燃油经济性、可靠性以及废气排放的净化性。汽车上广泛使用电子产品不仅降低了成本，并且减少维护的复杂性。从发动机的燃油喷射点火装置、进气控制、废气排放控制、故障自诊断到车身辅助装置都普遍采用了电子控制技术，可以说今后汽车发展主要以机电一体化。汽车上广泛采用的电子控制点火系统主要有电子控制燃油喷射系统、电子控制点火系统、电子控制自动变速器、电子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系统、电子控制悬架系统、电子控制动力转向系统、车辆动力学控制系统、安全气囊系统、主动安全带系统、电子控制自动空调系统、导航系统还有GPS等。有了这些系
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统汽车响应敏捷，使用功能强，可靠性高，既保证发动机动力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又满足排放法规的标准。
汽车是现代人必不可少的交通工具。而电动汽车给我们带来无限乐趣外还能给我们劳累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自动变速器来说吧，汽车在行驶时，可以不踩离合器踏板，就可以实现自动换档而发动机不会熄火，这样有效的提高驾驶方便性减轻驾驶员的疲劳强度。自动变速器主要由液力变矩器、齿轮变速器、油泵、液压控制系统、电子控制系统、油冷却系统等组成。电子控制的悬架主要是用来缓冲路面对车身的冲击力以及减少振动保证汽车平顺性和操纵稳定性。当汽车行驶在不平坦的道路时汽车能能根据底盘和路面高度自动调整。当车高比设置的高度低时，就向气室或油缸充气或充油。如果是相反，就放气或泻油。从而保证汽车的水平行驶，提高行驶稳定性。可变力动力转向系统因能显著改变驾驶员的工作效率和状态，所以在电动汽车上广泛使用。VDC对汽车性能有着至关重要的作用它能根据需要主动对车轮进行制动来改变汽车的运动状态，使汽车达到最佳的行驶状态和操纵性能，并增加了汽车的附着性，控制性和稳定性。除了这些之外4WS、4WD的出现大大提高了电动汽车的价值与性能同步提升。ABS具有减少制动距离并能保持转向操作能力有效提高行驶方向的稳定性同时减少轮胎的磨损。安全气囊的出现在很大程序上保护了驾驶员和乘客的安全，大大降低汽车在碰撞时对驾驶员和乘客的缓冲，以过到保护生命安全的目的。
智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌―空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
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随着计算机和电子产品不断开级换代，电动汽车技术也在日趋成熟与完善，使得驾驶更安全、方便、灵活、舒适。电动汽车真正能够与传统的燃油汽车相竞争，今后汽车市场终会被电动汽车和智能汽车所取代。这只是时间性的问题这一天终究会来到的。ABS、GPS、4WS、4WD以及各种新时代的电子产品与现代高性能汽车默契组合、绝妙搭配，带给我们无与伦比的精准驾驶舒适性和行驶安全性。
以AVR 单片机为核心, 提出了一种智能探测小车的软硬件设计方案。系统可以预先设定小车的行走路线, 能够实现小车与计算机之间的无线通讯, 通过超声测物和红外测障电路使小车安全行走。另外, 系统通过JTAG 接口在线调试程序。软件设计中采用神经网络自学习, 大大增强了小车的智能化.执行元件的伺服系统性能将决定机器人的性能。基于AVR 系列单片机，并应用积分分离技术，设计离散PI 调节器，输出PWM 控制信号，建立驱动电机的速度伺服控制系统。使用AVR － GCC 编译软件开发伺服系统软件，设定速度采样频率为2KHz，实现对电机速度的实时控制。与基于51 系列单片机开发的伺服系统相比，本系统所需的外围电路更简单，数据处理速度更快。实现了机器人响应快速，移动平稳。该伺服系统的开发尤其适用于智能移动机器人，还可以广泛应用于其它智能设备和生产线。
提出了一种基于AVR 单片机Atmega8 为核心控制器的比赛机器人控制系统,通过比赛机器人的特征分析,阐述了构成控制系统所需的主控单元、电机驱动单元、传感检测单元及LCD 显示单元,其中详细分析了以MCBL3006S 为核心的伺服电机驱动单元,以及关系比赛机器人基本功能实现的循线传感系统及避障传感系统,并给出部分程序。最后通过实践表明,该控制系统开放性好、结构简单、编程容易、智能并高效。
智能车的避障规则，通过对红外传感器的信息进行采集,使用二极管D1 发射红外线，二极管D2 接收红外信号。红外线发射部分不设专门的信号发生电路，直接从单片机实现时钟频率，既简化了线路和调试工作，又能使电路的稳定性和抗干扰能力大大加强。经实验验证，该系统运行可靠，达到了设计要求。
介绍一种基于CCD 摄像头的路径识别的智能车控制系统, 设计了硬件结构与方案, 提出了转向机构的控制策略, 该智能车能准确实现自主寻迹, 具备抗干扰性极强, 稳态误差小等特点。
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智能车系统，包括传感器信息采集与处理、电机驱动、控制算法及控制策略等方面。采用激光传感器采集道路信息并反馈给单片机控制系统，通过软件进行相关分析处理，通过速度反馈和PID 算法控制舵机转向和智能车速度。通过实际运行验证，本方法使智能车运行稳定、可靠,其平均速度达到2.6m/s，得到比较理想的效果。
为了综合利用控制、模式识别、传感器技术、汽车电子、电气、计算机、机械等专业领域知识, 设计实现了一个基于PID 控制算法, CCD 检测系统, 并采用H C9SDG128 单片机作为主控芯片的智能车系统。该系统使用Codewar rio r IDE 集成开发环境作为程序设计的基本软件平台, 能利用摄像头自动识别路况, 进行图像处理, 进而调整方向沿预定轨道前行, 具有很强的可靠性、稳定性、快速性、扩展性。
以“飞思卡尔”杯智能车大赛为研究背景，开发了一种智能循迹小车。该小车采用光电传感器检测路径，获得赛道信息，求出小车与黑线间的偏差，采用模糊控制对小车的速度进行控制，使小车能够自动跟随直道和弯道。实践表明，采用模糊控制的智能小车在路径识别的精准度，稳定性，及速度控制上具有明显优势。
Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer,......
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Improved Genetic Algorithm and Its Performance Analysis Abstract: Although genetic algorithm has become very famous with its global searching, parallel computin......
The development trend of the robot 1.Preface: Climbing robot is an important branch in the field of mobile robot, flexible mobile on vertical wall, replace arti......
