_高考英语试题分项版解析专题16：科普类说明文_专题16科普类说明文

_高考英语试题分项版解析专题16：科普类说明文由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“专题16科普类说明文”。

专题16 科普类说明文

2018高考题 D【2018·全国I】

We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置)well after they go out of style.That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992.Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones.“The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher.The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007.We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them.According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emiions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word proceing and TV viewing.They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32.What does the author think of new devices? A.They are environment-friendly.B.They are no better than the old.C.They cost more to use at home.D.They go out of style quickly.33.Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research? A.To reduce the cost of minerals.B.To test the life cycle of a product.C.To update consumers on new technology.D.To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34.Which of the following uses the least energy? A.The box-set TV.C.The LCD TV.B.The tablet.D.The desktop computer.35.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A.Stop using them.C.Upgrade them.B.Take them apart.D.Recycle them.【答案】32.A 33.D 34.B 35.A 【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。

33.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。

34.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。

35.推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。

点睛：熟悉比较句型是彻底理解本文的关键，也是解题的关键。本文中的比较句型：

1.That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things 做同样的事，旧的过时的装置比新装置消耗更多能源，对环境有害，浪费钱财。

2.According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emiions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.根据Babbitt团队的分析，旧的桌面监视器和阴极射线管箱式电视机是最差的电子设备，它们的耗能和温室气体的排放是1992到2007window的两倍还多。

3.They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他们发现在平板电脑上看的随需变化的娱乐节目比在电视和电脑上看耗能减少了44%。

B【2018·浙江】

Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people aume.Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑）these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.24.What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A.Help increase grocery sales.B.Recycle the waste material.C.Stop things falling off trucks.D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.25.What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Bans on plastic bags.B.Effects of city development.C.Headaches caused by garbage.D.Plastic bags hung in trees.26.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A.They are quite expensive.B.Replacing them can be difficult.C.They are le strong than plastic bags.D.Producing them requires more energy.27.What is the best title for the text? A.Plastic, Paper or Neither B.Industry, Pollution and Environment C.Recycle or Throw Away D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control 【答案】24.D 25.A 26.D 27.A 【解析】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。

24.细节理解题。根据第一段one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people aume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。

25.词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans on plastic bags，故选A。

26.细节理解题。根据第四段However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。27.标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。【点睛】

概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，要看懂全文的主要内容，明白了主要内容就能准确概括文章标题。小题4要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。

C【2018·天津卷】

There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food.Recent development has made poible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a ma scale.And the industry isn’t stopping there.Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant, all of the dishes and deerts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性）

The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is becoming a neceity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体)from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类)and gra to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emiions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make proceed food healthier.Hod Lipson, a profeor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.” Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物)before a printer can use them, and the printing proce is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.46.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production? A.It helps cooks to create new dishes.B.It saves time and effort in cooking.C.It improves the cooking conditions.D.It contributes to restaurant decorations.47.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3? A.It solves food shortages easily.B.It quickens the transportation of food.C.It needs no space for the storage of food.D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.48.According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.A.is more available to consumers B.can meet individual nutritional needs C.is more tasty than food in supermarkets D.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials 49.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A.The printing proce is complicated.B.3D food printers are too expensive.C.Food materials have to be dry.D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.50.What could be the best title of the paage? A.3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C.The Challenges for 3D Food Production D.3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table 【答案】46.B 47.D 48.B 49.C 50.A 【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。

46.推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。

48.推理判断题。根据文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。

49.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。

50.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。

点睛：科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点。本文是一篇3D打印技术在食物方面的应用，文章运用一些小标题和对一些专业词汇作了多处中文注释，降低了考生的阅读难度。文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。最后一小题考查主旨大意，为文章选择出最好的标题。考生做此题时一定要注意选择项必须要能概括整个文章的内容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D选择项在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正确概括全文的主旨大意。

C[2018•北京卷] Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物)and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their ma — apparently broken down by enzymes(酶)from the worms’ stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic.＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.＂

Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tenneee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)? Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial proce — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂ 43.What can we learn about the worms in the study? A.They take plastics as their everyday food.B.They are newly evolved creatures.C.They can consume plastics.D.They wind up in landfills.44.According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to.A.identify other means of the breakdown B.find out the source of the enzyme C.confirm the research findings D.increase the breakdown speed 45.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might.A.help to raise worms B.help make plastic bags C.be used to clean the oceans D.be produced in factories in future 46.What is the main purpose of the paage? A.To explain a study method on worms.B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.C.To present a way to break down plastics.D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.C 【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普知识类文章。从环保理念出发，文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟展开，描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路。

43.C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.”可知，这些虫子可以消耗聚乙烯购物袋，即塑料袋。故选C。

44.B 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)？”可知，下一步是探究酶的来源。故选C。

45.D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial proce-not simply“ millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic”可知研究者希望那些化学物品可以批量生产，而不是将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故选D。

46.C 写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解塑料的方式。故选A。

2017高考题 科普知识类

[2017·北京卷]

D Hollywood's theory that machines with evil(邪恶的)minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the poibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.In 1960 a well­known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually aociate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine, this quality is not in­born, nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure succe by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global che match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the cheboard.The poibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be poible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismied out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not poible unle machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that poibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron­induced(中子诱导)nuclear chain reaction.67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________． A．run out of human control B．satisfy human's real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician 68．Machines with specific purposes are aociated with living things partly because they might be able to ________．

A．prevent themselves from being destroyed B．achieve their original goals independently C．do anything succefully with given orders D．beat humans in international che matches 69．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ________． A．help super intelligent machines work better B．be secure against evil human beings C．keep machines from being harmed D．avoid robots' affecting the world 70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A．It will disappear with the development of AI.B．It will get worse with human interference.C．It will be solved but with difficulty.D．It will stay for a decade.【文章大意】 本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能(AI)可能会超出人类的控制。67．A 段落大意题。第一段第二句说“人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是我们真正想要的”。因此选A。

【名师点睛】

推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。推理判断题的解题方法 ：

推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。

任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。

[2017·江苏卷]

B Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New­born chicks can then imitate their mum's call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red­backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red­backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”

58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”． A．be the worst B．be the best C．be just as bad D．be just as good 59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on? A．Similarities between the calls of mums and chicks.B．The observation of fairy wrens acro Australia.C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ________． A．can receive quality signals B．are in need of training C．fit the environment better D．make the loudest call 【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音，则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。

58.B 词义猜测题。第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比，画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声音的能力很强，下文讲一些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了。据此可以判断，在胎教方面，鸟儿的表现是最好的，推测“rule the roost”意为“be the best”，故选B项。

59.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ‘feed me！’ call.”可知，当这些幼鸟被孵化出来的时候，它们也发出了和它们的妈妈类似的鸣叫。据此可知，Sonia Kleindorfer的发现是以母鸟和幼鸟叫声的相似点为基础的，故选A项。

60.C 推理判断题。第四段“In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.(一项单独的实验表明模仿母鸟声音最接近的幼鸟会得到最多的食物)”和最后一段研究人员的研究结果表明，母鸟会选择质量优良的孩子，因此可以推断，母鸟通过胎教来确定质量优良的幼鸟，即最会模仿它们声音的幼鸟。质量优良的幼鸟无需过多帮助就能更好地适应环境，故选C项。【名师点睛】 猜测词义题概况

词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。

一、题型特点与命题方式：

此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。

【命题趋势】

1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。

2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。例如第65题。

3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。

【设问形式】

The underlined word “…” in the second(third…)paragraph refers to(means)______.By saying that “…” in the first(second…)paragraph, the author means that ______.In paragraph …, “…” can be replaced by “______”.The meaning of “…” in paragraph… is related to ______.Which of the following has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)?

The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____.解题思路

做这种类型的题目，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。

考点：考查科普说明文阅读

[2017·江苏卷]

D

Old problem，new approaches While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emiions(排放)peak.So even if emiions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change.Here I will stre some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a proce.We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Aement says that：“There is no ‘one­size fits all’ adaptation.” Neverthele，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries.Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.His not­for­profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities.Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接)to replace flooded roads and highways.But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken.Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man.The lo of glaciers(冰川)there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture.Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops.Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed.He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉)water.Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m of water.Climate change is a continuing proce, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever.Warming will overtake them.But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earth's reflectivene can cool the planet.In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space)has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region.While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased.This example should act as an inspiration for all cities.By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming proce.In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectivene will restore the life­giving ice.The outcome is still far from clear.But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”．

More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere.A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria.Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops.Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently.This is common sense.But some suggestions for adapting are not.When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for busine as usual.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways.But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit le 3carbon pollution.After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________． A．adaptation is an ever­changing proce B．the cost of adaptation varies with time C．global warming affects adaptation forms D．adaptation to climate change is challenging 66．What is special with regard to Rezwan's project? A．The project receives government support.B．Different organizations work with each other.C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation.D．The project connects flooded roads and highways.67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming? A．Storing ice for future use.B．Protecting the glaciers from melting.C．Changing the irrigation time.D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers.68．What do we learn from the Peru example? A．White paint is usually safe for buildings.B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped.C．This country is heating up too quickly.D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.69．According to the author, polluting industries should ________． A．adapt to carbon pollution B．plant highly profitable crops C．leave carbon emiion alone D．fight against carbon pollution 70．What's the author's preferred solution to global warming? A．Setting up a new standard.B．Reducing carbon emiion.C．Adapting to climate change.D．Monitoring polluting industries.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。

65.A 句意理解题。根据第二段第二句“We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，我们并不是在讨论适应一个新的标准，而是适应不断变化的条件。据此可以判断，这句话的意思是：适应是一个不断变化的过程。故选A项。

66.C 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.”以及该段其他内容可知，Rezwan所在的组织充分利用洪水灾害为人们提供便利，故选C项。

68.D 细节理解题。根据第五段“Increasing Earth's reflectivene can cool the planet…By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming proce.”以及第六段“…painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectivene will restore the life­giving ice.”可知，提高地球对光的反射能力可以缓解气候变暖，而秘鲁农民的做法恰恰印证了这一点。故选D项。

69.D 推理判断题。根据第七段“When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for busine as usual.”以及最后一段“But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit le carbon pollution.”可知，一些污染企业辩解称他们无法控制碳污染，只能选择适应，这完全是胡扯，污染企业仍然要减少碳排放，与碳污染做斗争。故选D项。70.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后两句“But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit le carbon pollution.After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.”可知，作者认为最合理的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，此举将避免在其他很多方面改变的需要。故选B项。【名师点睛】

词义猜测技巧

1、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测

有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即“退火”。

2、根据同位关系进行猜测

阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：

They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。

We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.— this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。

The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道)connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。

3、根据构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)进行猜测

在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：

“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”

文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。

Perhaps, we can see some poibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?

poibility 是 poible 的同根名词，据此可以判断定 poibility 意思是“可能性”。

4、根据因果关系进行猜测

在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：

The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakne was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久的”。

5、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测

文章中的代词it, that, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找;也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：

Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion(捍卫)found photographs.One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper(雨刷)an angry note intended for someone else: “Why’s your car HERE at HER place?”

them指的是前面出现的self-published art magazines。

6、根据同义关系进行猜测

当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。

7、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测

根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：

A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hale;it can be a basket of fun.从前后两句的意思可以看出，hale和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断hale的意思是“困难，麻烦”。考点：环保类短文阅读

[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]

D A build­it­yourself solar still(蒸馏器)is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the US Department of Agriculture, it's an excellent water collector.Unfortunately, you must carry the neceary equipment with you, since it's all but impoible to find natural substitutes.The only components required, though, are a 5′×5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet acro and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock.The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体)with 45­degree­angled sides.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic.Ground water evaporates(蒸发)and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup.When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink.32．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A．It's delicate.B．It's expensive.C．It's complex.D．It's portable.33．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The tube.B．The still.C．The hole.D．The cup.34．What is the last step of constructing a working solar still? A．Dig a hole of a certain size.B．Put the cup in place.C．Weight the sheet's centre down.D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from ________． A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole C．the open air D．beneath the sheet 【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普文章。文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。

33.B 词义猜测题。根据文章“Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity.”可知，最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用塑料板遮挡。整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D。就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围的环境变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。

34.C 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock.”可知，最后一步是weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock，即“放一块石头在塑料板的中间，把它压下去”，故选C。

35.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ground water evaporates(蒸发)and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup.”可知，地下水蒸发，在塑料板上聚集起来直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。塑料板是在杯子上面的，所以水滴是凝聚在塑料板的下面。故选D。【名师点睛】

近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高同学们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。这类试题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测、以及对it/they/them等代词的确指对象的判断等。

做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，考生要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，要掌握以下六种解题技巧：

技巧 1 定义法：一般通过定义/定语从句/词组或同位语从句来确定词义。技巧 2 对比法：利用文中的反义词、表对比关系的词猜测词义。技巧 3 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。技巧4 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。

技巧5 构词法：在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。技巧6 根据文段中出现的同义、近义或反义词的意思进行判断。技巧7 根据句子结构进行判断。技巧8 根据文章的背景进行判断。

技巧9 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。

本篇阅读中的第33小题就属于词义猜测题。考生可以根据技巧9 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义来选择正确答案。划线短语the water catcher很简单，考生一看就知道是“获得水的物品”的意思，在蒸馏器整个装置中，接水的东西就是杯子，这根据常识也知道的，因此很容易错选为D选项。如果考生仔细读划线短语所在的句子Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity就会发现一个关键的单词productivity。productivity表示“生产效率，工作效率”，杯子接水是它本来的功能，不会因为环境变化而加快聚水或减慢聚水。在潮湿的地方挖洞是因为潮湿的土中含有的水相对丰富，水蒸气蒸发凝成水珠就快些，这和水杯完全没有关系。所以结合上下文可知，the water catcher指的是蒸馏器整个装置。

[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]

C Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23­gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show.But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways.It's expected to cost $279，000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic.The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes.Terrafugia says an owner would need to pa a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition，a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.28．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The basic data of the Transition.B．The advantages of flying cars.C．The potential market for flying cars.C．The designers of the Transition.29．Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways? A．It causes traffic jams.B．It is difficult to operate.C．It is very expensive.D．It burns too much fuel.30．What is the government's attitude to the development of the flying car? A．Cautious.B．Favourable.C．Ambiguous.D．Disapproving.31．What is the best title for the text? A．Flying car at Auto Show B．The Transition's first flight C．Pilots' dream coming true D．Flying car closer to reality 【文章大意】 这是一篇说明文。本文比较详细地介绍了新型交通工具——陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。

28.A 段落大意题。第一段第三、四、五句中的各种数据总结了Transition 的各种基本性能。29.C 推理判断题。该款汽车投入市场后的售价将高达279 000美元，可知其价格昂贵。文中并未对其操作的难易程度给予介绍，油耗高低也并非主要原因。

31.D 主旨大意题。该文第一段介绍Transition 的性能指标，第二段介绍Transition 的市场愿景，第三段则在介绍陆空两用汽车的历史的基础上得出结论：Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality＝Flying car closer to reality。

[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]

D The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stre points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well­being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝)and inactive.Led by Profeor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in­vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custom­made navigation(导航)tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills.The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”

Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stre points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to addre these problems.“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined.We're looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案)to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”

32．What is the purpose of the DriveLAB? A．To explore new means of transport.B．To design new types of cars.C．To find out older drivers' problems.D．To teach people traffic rules.33．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe? A．It keeps them independent.B．It helps them save time.C．It builds up their strength.D．It cures their mental illnees.34．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers? A．Improve their driving skills.B．Develop driver­aist technologies.C．Provide tips on repairing their cars.D．Organize regular physical checkups.35．What is the best title for the text? A．A new model electric car B．A solution to traffic problems C．Driving services for elders D．Keeping older drivers on the road 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了老年人开车会面临的问题及相应的解决方法。32.C 细节理解题。题干关键词为DriveLAB。题干中的purpose对应原文的in order to。根据首段的“…in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stre points are.”可知，该实验室是为了发现老年司机的一些问题，故选C。

33.A 细节理解题。题干关键词为driving important和for older people，由此可以锁定第四段末句，由该部分的“…driving is important for preserving their independence…without having to rely on others.”可知选A。

34.B 细节理解题。由第三段可知研究者正在研发“in­vehicle technologies for older drivers”以帮助老年人继续开车，即研发驾驶辅助系统。

35.D 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了一些帮助老年人继续开车的解决方案，以确保老年人能克服一些身体上的不便，以便能继续开车。故选D。

【名师点睛】主旨大意题可分为篇章主旨和段落主旨。开门见山提出主题是大多数文章的写作方法，新闻报道、调查报告、科普性文章大都采用演绎法，本文就属于科技报告类，在文章开头提出了中心，然后详细介绍这种技术，由此可以判断文章的中心话题。[2017·浙江卷6月考]

B Getting le sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids.According to a new survey(调查)by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early.Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7­ to 12­year­olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age.Babies need a lot of rest: Most of them sleep about 18 hours a day!Adults need about eight hours.For most school­age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的).But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10­ to 12­year­olds get only seven or eight hours.And gue what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会)to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone，” says Dr Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School.She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep.Other experts say part of the problem is chemical.Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers' bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepine is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school claes later than they used to.Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7：25 am to 8：30 am.Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.25．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on? A.American kids' sleeping habits.B.Teenagers' sleep­related diseases.C.Activities to prevent sleeplene.D.Learning problems and lack of sleep.26．How many hours of sleep do 11­year­olds need every day? A.7 hours.B.8 hours.C.10 hours.D.18 hours.27．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon? A.They are affected by certain body chemicals.B.They tend to do things that excite them.C.They follow their parents' examples.D.They don't need to go to school early.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。作者主要介绍了当今美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯，以及产生的原因和应对措施等。

26.C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“For most school­age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的)．”可知，11岁左右的青少年最佳的睡眠时间是10小时，故答案选C项。

27.B 推理判断题。根据第三段“…with more homework…She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep.”可以推断，由于青少年晚上的活动都过于使人兴奋，所以青少年们很难马上静下心来睡觉，从而导致晚睡，故答案选B项。【名师点睛】

本文属于议论类短文，所考查三题均为细节题中的直接理解题。细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要实事的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。

在阅读中可以使用定位法与跳读法解决直接理解题。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等，从而找出正确答案。

以本文【小题26】为例，我们根据题干中“How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day”11岁的孩子每天需要多少小时的睡眠时间，直接定位第二段第三句For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal.可知上学的孩子需要10小时的理想睡眠时间，故选择C项。考点：考查议论文类阅读

2016高考题 1.【2016·全国新课标II】C Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discu them.Now, the website BookCroing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCroing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCroing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCroing combines both.”

Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the BookCroing to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCroing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟).The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.9.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A.To explain what they are.B.To introduce BookCroing.C.To stre the importance of reading.D.To encourage readers to share their ideas.10.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2refer to? A.The book.B.An adventure.C.A public place.D.The identification number.11.What will a BookCroer do with a book after reading it? A.Meet other readers to discu it.B.Keep it safe in his bookcase.C.Pa it on to another reader.D.Mail it back to its owner.12.What is the best title for the text? A.Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B.Electronic Books: A new Trend C.A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D.A Website Links People through Books 【答案】9.B 10.A 11.C 12.D 【解析】

试题分析：本文属于说明文，介绍了BookCroing.com所进行的分享图书活动的目的以及具体过程。9.B 目的意图题。作者在第一段中提出读书也是一个社交活动，那些参加读书小组的人经常在一起阅读讨论所读内容，增强相互之间的理解。接着在最后一句提出BookCroing.com,说明作者提到读书小组的目的正是为了介绍网站BookCroing.com。故B正确。

10.A 代词指代题。根据本句“....hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”那些留下书的人希望自己的书能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。故A正确。

11.C 推理判断题。根据文章第四段最后一句“....the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home”让书蒙上尘土是一种很自私的行为，网站BookCroing.com的目的正是鼓励人们与别人分享图书，所以拿到书的人最可能继续把书传递下去。故C项正确。

【名师点睛】

本文【小题10】考查了代词指代题。根据本句“....hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”留下书的人希望自己的书能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。

阅读的时候我们可以根据上下文的指代关系进行选择：文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：

However, the question that ”moon people“ asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.首先，it指上句中的the question，而the question又指上一段中“月球人”所提的问题，所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。考点：考查说明文阅读 2.【2016·北京】C

California Condor’s Shocking Recovery

California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters.In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒)nearly drove them to dying out.Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off.“As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo.Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死)if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea.Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock.Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution.This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with.When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead.This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾)failures and death.So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.This work is starting to pay off.The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years.“Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says.“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”

63.California condors attract researchers’ interest because they.A.are active at night B.had to be bred in the wild C.are found on in California D.almost died out in the 1980s 64.Researchers have found electrical lines are.A.blocking condors’ journey home B.big killers of Califorbnia condoras C.rest places for condors at night D.used to keep condors away 65.According to Paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning.A.makes condors too nervous to fly B.has little effect on condors’ kidneys

C.can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ blood D.makes it different for condors to produce baby birds 66.The paage shows that.A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B.Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C.the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D.researchers have found the final answers to the problem 【答案】

63.D64.B65.D66.C 【解析】

试题分析：加利福尼亚神鹰是北美最大的鸟类，双翼展开可达3米。由于频繁的触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚神鹰几乎绝迹。现在，电击和药物治疗正在拯救加利福尼亚神鹰。

64.B细节理解题。根据第三段“ Electrical lines have been killing them off...Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死)if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选B。65.D段落大意题。根据“This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾)failures and death”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。

66.C推理判断题。根据“just under eight years”可知，神鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Although these measures are not effective forever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据第六段“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选C。考点：环保类短文阅读。【名师点睛】

推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。推理判断题的解题方法 ：

推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。

任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。

3.【2016·天津】C When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him.His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers.But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates.He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.Most of all, he was happier.Far happier.These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston.The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not.“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist(心理学家)who made the discovery.“And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”

Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail.Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47.Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores.Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp.Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times le likely to have been unemployed.The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic cla made no real difference in how the boys turned out.Working----at any age----is important.Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings(基础)of emotional health.They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals.The most competent adults are those who know how to do this.Yet work isn’t everything.As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”

46.What do we know about John? A.He enjoyed his career and marriage.B.He had few childhood playmates.C.He received little love from his family.D.He was envied by others in his childhood.47.Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as _____.A.a description of personal values and social values B.an analysis of how work was related to competence C.an example for parents’ expectations of their children D.an explanation why some boys grew into happy men 48.Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by _____.A.recording the boys’ effort in school B.evaluating the men’s mental health C.comparing different sets of scores D.measuring the men’s problem solving ability 49.What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4? A.Quick to react B.Having a thin edge C.Clear and definite D.sudden and rapid 50.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A.competent adults know more about love than work.B.Emotional health is eential to a wonderful adult life.C.Love brings more joy to people than work does.D.Independence is the key to one’s succe.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章通过John的例子结合一个研究发现说明童年时期帮助做一些家务的孩子长大后会更快乐，更成功。46.【答案】A 【解析】

试题分析：根据第一段的句子He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.，可知，John喜欢他的事业和婚姻。故选A。考点：考查细节理解。47.【答案】D 【解析】

试题分析：根据第二段的句子Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，可知，第二段Vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。考点：考查推理判断。48.【答案】C 【解析】

试题分析：根据第三段的句子The researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores，可知，Vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选C。考点：考查细节理解。49.【答案】C

考点：考查词义猜测。50.【答案】B 【解析】

试题分析：根据最后一段的句子One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how too love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work，可知，情感健康对于好的成年人生活是基本的。故选B。考点：考查推理判断。

【名师点睛】这篇文章内容和学生自己的生活密切相关，而且是通过调查研究的方式给出，更加有说服力，虽然是考试题，学生应该有兴趣阅读，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。

做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的49题，要求判断sharp的含义，这个词不是陌生的单词，高中教材上出现过，它的意思是“锋利的，尖锐的，敏捷的，聪明的”，但是代入后，发现这些意思都不符合，而结合所在句子，特别是下文的Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times le likely to have been unemployed.可知和上文的观点是一致的，也就是这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是令人惊讶地明显。答案也不难得出。4.【2016·浙江】C A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls in the ground---and, in the proce, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact;bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable.It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact.Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world), overall approach(gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic(are my observations what I expected?).Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.for example, unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort---the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world---is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it, ”It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.” 50.According to some developmental psychologists, A.a baby’s play is nothing more than a game.B.scientific research into babies;games is poible C.the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D.a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment 51.We learn from Paragraph 2 that A.scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B.scientists and babies often interact with each other C.babies are born with the knowledge of object support D.babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do 52.Children may learn the rules of language by A.exploring the physical world B.investigating human psychology C.repeating their own experiments D.observing their parents’ behaviors 53.What is themain idea of the last paragraph? A.The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.B.Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.C.Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.D.One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.54.What is the author’s tone when he discues the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?

A.Convincing.B.Confused.C.Confidence.D.Cautious.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。50.【答案】D 【解析】

试题分析：根据文章第一段的but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think，可知心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选D。考点：考查细节理解。51.【答案】D 【解析】

试题分析：根据文章第二段的句子overall approach(gathering direct evidence from the world)可知孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选D。考点：考查细节理解。52.【答案】C 【解析】

试题分析：根据文章第三段的句子For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory可知孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。考点：考查细节理解。53.【答案】B

考点：考查细节理解。54.【答案】D 【解析】

试题分析：根据作者在文中的用词appear to和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点some psychologist suggest/argue that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。考点：考查推理判断。【名师点睛】

阅读理解有时理解文章的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。

句子1：It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.这句话使用分号连接两个并列分句，前面的分句使用It is likely that这个句型，还有knowing…作伴随状语，后面的分句是nor+倒装句的结构。

句意：可能孩子不是天生就知道宇宙的基本事实，他们也没有被清楚的教过。

句子2：For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.这句话使用强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory,这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位语从句，from后面还有宾语从句。

句意：例如，它可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿会接受其他人可以和他/她有不同的意见和愿望的想法。考点：考查说明类短文阅读 5.【2016·江苏】 B Chimps(黑猩猩)will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct(本能)to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children.Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative.From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativene in a series of expensive with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught.but naturally poeed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence.Develops in children before their general cognitive

（认

知的）skills,at least when compared with chimps..In tests conducted by Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t in what Tomasello calls what.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.58.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps? A.Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C.Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.59.Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____.A.have the instinct to help others B.know how to offer help to adults C.know the world better than chimps D.trust adults with their hands full 60.The paage is mainly about ____.A.the helping behaviors of young children B.ways to train children’s shared intentionality C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature D.the development of intelligence in children 【答案】58.A 59.A 60.C 【解析】

试题分析：本文从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。

58.A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段后两句“If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or,......he will pull at random---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish”可知黑猩猩很自私，通常会把邻居的食物搞的一团糟。说明他们根本不关心其他人的利益。故A正确。

59.A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.和第四段第一句There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught.but naturally poeed in young children.可知只有18个月的孩子就知道去帮助他人，而且帮助他人的做法并不是父母亲教的，属于人类的本能。故A项正确。

60.C 主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。ABD都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。【名师点睛】

本文【小题60】属于主旨大意题。本文使用了正方形写作法。即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（自然段少的文章中心句不很明显。自然段多的文章，则比较好联系中心句，找一个和中心句最贴近的选项），文章段落的中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确，正确率自然也相应提高了。掌握了找主题句或中心句的方法，就可以依据主题句或中心句归纳主题。

考生要特别注意： 首段陷阱。即首段虽然貌似主题句或中心句，但却没有完整概括文章全意，或只片面地说到文章的某一个层次，或者是作者设置的几个需要读者判定的文意。这样的信息用来做主题句或中心句就会落入陷阱。以本文为例：本文的第一段只是一个导入的段落，从第一段中猩猩的自私行为导入到第三段中人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。考点：考查科普说明文阅读。6.【2016·江苏】C El Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose.A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multi-year drought(干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse.Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe.But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute(ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers(下水道）make it le likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are le likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their loes from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their loes needs to be the priority.61.What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1? A.It is named after a South American fisherman.B.It takes place almost every year all over the world.C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.62.What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected? A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.B.Droughts become more harmful than floods.C.Rich countries’ gains are greater than their loes.D.Poor countries suffer le from droughts economically.63.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.A.more investment should go to risk reduction B.governments of poor countries need more aid C.victims of El Nino deserve more compensation D.recovery and reconstruction should come first 64.What is the author’s purpose in writing the paage? A.To introduce El Nino and its origin.B.To explain the consequences of El Nino.C.To show ways of fighting against El Nino.D.To urge people to prepare for El Nino.【答案】61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D 【解析】 试题分析：本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。

62.C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处要大于所得到的坏处。接着在第三句中列举了1997年的厄尔尼诺给美国经济带来的好处。故C项正确。

63.A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句According to the Overseas Development Institute(ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.根据ODI的观点，为应对厄尔尼诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺现象的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。故A项正确。

64.D 目的意图题。本文主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。再根据最后一句“Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their loes from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their loes needs to be the priority.”各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。【名师点睛】

本文【小题64】属于阅读理解中的目的意图题。作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来｡常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等）和，中

贬

性义

类类

词词(critical, peimistic, doubtful, questioning)(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注

意

那

些

表

达

感

情

色

彩的形

容

词

如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者对人物语言､行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度｡

本文最后一句Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their loes from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their loes needs to be the priority.既然最贫穷的国家最不可能从厄尔尼诺这样的灾难中得到弥补，那么我们要把减少损失放在首要位置。从本句的措词中可以看出本文正是要敦促我们要为可能发生的厄尔尼诺做好准备。考点：考查科普说明文阅读

2015年高考试题 专题16 科普类说明文

1.【2015·湖北卷】D The oddne of life in space never quite goes away.Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled（芭蕾）dancer.“I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station.“I like to be wrapped up.”

On the station, the ordinary becomes strange.The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars.It also has no seat.With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently.You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want.But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale(呼气)has a tendency to form an invisible（隐形的）cloud around you head.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks you’re falling.Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight.That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickne disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous.For instance, astronauts lose bone ma.That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)puts it right on the workday schedule.The focus on fitne is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitne for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space? A.Deciding on a proper sleep position B.Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag C.Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D.Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A.the y circle around on their bikes B.they use microcomputers without a stop C.they exercise in one place for a long time D.they watch a movie while pedaling 65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A.their senses stop working B.they have to stand up straight C.they float out of their seats unexpectedly D.whether they are able to go back to the station 66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A.how much exercise they do on the station B.how they can remain healthy for long in space C.whether they can recover after returning home D.whether they are able to go back to the station 【解析】

试题分析：这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。

63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。

64.C细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.…You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。

66.B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitne is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitne…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。【考点定位】说明文阅读

【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意：1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3.在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。2.【2015·北京卷】C

Life in the Clear Transparent animals let light pa through their bodies the same way light paes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unle they’re eating it, or unle something is eating them.”

And they are as clear as gla.How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射)light, bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pa through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water.You don’t see it----you see the things behind it.To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素)that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tiues won’t absorb light.According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tiue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through.Others build a large, clear ma of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it.Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tiues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how they’re doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active proce.When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.63.According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.A.stay in groups B.can be easily damaged C.appear only in deep ocean D.are beautiful creatures 64.The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.A.silently B.gradually C.regularly D.completely 65.One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.A.change the direction of light travel B.gather materials to scatter light.C.avoid the absorption of light D.grow bigger to stop light.66.The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.A.move more slowly in deep water B.stay see-through even after death C.produce more tiues for their survival D.take effective action to reduce light spreading 【解析】

试题分析：文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。

63.B 细节理解题。文章第一段第三行：Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。得知B选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。故选B。

64.D 词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。

65.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。故选C。

66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tiues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。【考点定位】科技类说明文

【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能：理解语篇主旨要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义，根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。此次出现了新型科技类说明文。往年科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇，但是今年的“新型耳机”在问题设置上难度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题目。所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。3.【2015·江苏】B In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital aistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swi study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling proce often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products.Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装)it came in.Many wastes produced in the producing proce are harmful as well.The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating le waste at the start — for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste.If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place? Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money.Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫)that encased your television? From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.58.By mentioning the Swi study, the author intends to tell us that _________.A.the weight of e-goods is rather small B.E-waste deserves to be made good use of C.natural minerals contain more precious metals D.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste 59.The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended _________.A.from producers to governments B.from governments to producers

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