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2014年8月GMAT语法机经(1)
1.such as/like
“记得有一题是这样的A such.........as..........B such as..........C like.....(加一长串描述性文字)
(选项顺序不一定对，就是考的这个知识点。。我好像选的是such as的那个。不好意思失忆了。)
知识点链接
Like vs.Such as
Example of the “mistake” that we make in everyday speech:
Can you buy me some fruit like oranges or grapefruit?
How the GMAT Official Guide would explain this mistake: Using like in this answer choice mistakenly suggests that the utterer of the request does in fact not want oranges or grapefruit, but rather some other kind of fruit that is similar to oranges or grapefruit.In normal English: In GMAT, “like” means “similar to”, and “such as” means “for example”.Take a look at these examples:
Can you buy me some fruit like oranges or grapefruit?
This sentence would mean that you do NOT want oranges or grapefruit;instead, you'd prefer some fruit similar to oranges and grapefruit.For example, you may want pomelo, lemons, or limes.Yes, I know this sounds a little crazy, but our goal is to understand what GMAT is looking for, not what is “correct” English.Can you buy me some fruit such as oranges or grapefruit?
Yes, this is what we're supposed to say in GMAT--oranges and grapefruit are examples of the type of fruit we want.资料来源：教育优选 http://www.daodoc.com/
最权威的国际教育服务平台
prep08语法笔记170题解析
such as的两种形式：A such as B, such A as B
such as的用法：
such as + 具体名词(n1 and n2或doing n1 and doing n2;)表示举例
such as + noun/ doing/ what从句/介词短语
错误表达：
such as + there/they/these 错，必须是具体的东西，不能加代词
such as + to do 错 such as + 句子 错 such as + when错。
X1, X2, X3 such as these 错，such as要放在列举之前。
2.not only, but also
【v1】“not only, but also
【v2】
“一题语法考的是Not only。。But also。。的倒装形式用法，同时里面还涉及到比较级的知识点。大概是说：As the xx-est(一个形容词的最高级)planet in the solar system, [Jupiter，not only is it xx-er(一个形容词的比较级)than Saturn, the second largest planet in the solar system, but has xxx(这里大概是说 Jupiter有最多的卫星数目，其中有四颗卫星非常著名)]
[]中括号里的是划线部分，我记得这题难选在not only...but also...如何进行倒装。”
知识点链接
除了最基础的平行结构之外，not only...but also 还有许多变体
资料来自prep08 语法笔记 205.(T-9-Q15)&197.(GWD-8-Q20)题后补充材料
not only...but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only...but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的，此时表示的是转折。But/but also表示的是转折
Not only..but(also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略.(1)在正常语序中: not only… but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。
资料来源：教育优选 http://www.daodoc.com/
最权威的国际教育服务平台
在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：not only...but it also...是错误的(因为破坏了平衡)。
(2)not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。
(3)not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。
(4)not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。
3.“A is a island, along road,...类似于OG上commitmant manager likely mistake的感觉，考整体句法和逻辑。”
知识点链接
100.Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to mi signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.(A)Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to mi signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.(B)An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes miing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.(C)An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to mi or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.(D)Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to mi signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.(E)Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive mi signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.残4.“一个留在美国的日本式遗迹，日本遗迹是200多年，唯一...”
资料来源：教育优选 http://www.daodoc.com/
最权威的国际教育服务平台
残5.“J.p is a dancer, who....”
6.require sb to do
(记得要看整体结构，句意的)
知识点链接
Prep08 语法笔记204.(GWD-8-Q23)
Require的固定搭配：(几个正确表达的优先级是一样的)
(1)Require sb./sth.to do sth.(不定式可用被动形式)Require sb.doing错误
(2)Require(of sb.)that + 原v 需要某人做某事(要求,命令[(+of)][O2][+that])
大全 475.Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men.(3)N.is required(of sb./sth.)to do sth.某物对某人做某事来说是必须的或N.required of sb./sth.to do.(其中required是过去分词)
大全 166.Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required of firms to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.Windmaple的例句：This leaves open an “in-between” position: The efforts required of someone to prevent the consequences of his non-negligent act could be greater than what would be required of any bystander, but not as great as would be required to avoid an act than is known to cause the harmful consequences.(4)require doing(require主动表被动含义)：如A require making known to B.A需要被B知道
*: GMAT中出现过的错误表达：
Require of sb.to do(require of sb.后应该加that，只有require sb.和sth.is required of sb.后面才是加to do的)
Require sb.that(require 若和that搭配，则跟sb.之间要有of)
Require sb.doing…错误
资料来源：教育优选 http://www.daodoc.com/
最权威的国际教育服务平台
7.有道语法，区别should和ought to的用法，还有demand和request貌似是.楼主可以确定should和ought to但demand和另外一个词不怎么确定，楼主确定考的是两个相同意义词汇的不同用法，我从来没遇到过这种题。。
好像也从来没遇到过区别should和ought to的用法
关于damand和reqest,曼哈顿5版时态语态那一章有关于demand和request 作为command subjunctive 的固定搭配，在114 页。
这条狗有点残，狗主也回忆不起来了，大家把相关的知识点都回忆一下吧。
9.“than other do”
应该考的是比较，prep08笔记里有一个比较总结超棒!
知识点链接
比较之庖丁解牛
对主谓宾全的句型
主语比较： A do sth than B do.(AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比)
介宾比较： A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.(C1C2，D1D2对等名词)
宾语比较： A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词)
状语比较： A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语)
ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。
按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如
资料来源：教育优选 http://www.daodoc.com/
最权威的国际教育服务平台
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较)
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,)
Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较)
ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法(不受上述限制，如下)
AS poor as they are, they can not afford a car.They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.(注意以上都是用逗号隔开的句子，AS在这里的作用更类似连词，连接一个主句和一个从句)
注意AS有时不表比较的如as you work hard, you will pa the exam.表原因了。
There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型
OG89
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as DVD player(宾语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)
以上的纲领代入EST的OG几乎都成立，在我这次实战中也成立，但GWD中有一题是例外的，也就是说并没有放之四海而皆准的真理，清楚，简洁，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。
10.“以unlike开头的比较，unlike后跟着的也是人名。”
应该是考比较。
知识点链接
1)、来自prep08语法笔记(GWD-8-Q39，OG12-136)
资料来源：教育优选 http://www.daodoc.com/
最权威的国际教育服务平台
标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speices错),句子或介短。(后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等)。
like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间尽量不能插入任何成分(比如有一个题目是:Unlike A, in 1990 B...就算A，B可比，但这样就是不佳的表达，因为这会让读者花费脑细胞去找unlike和哪个在比。最好的句子一定是排版最严谨、最遵循规则的句子，一定是读起来最省力的句子)，但是非限制性定语从句这一类非常明确是紧跟着前面的名词的修饰成分是可以的。
2)、曼哈顿5版比较 like&as P127&P258
资料来源：教育优选 http://www.daodoc.com/
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