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故宫 午门
思路：概况——历史沿革——午门（外形、建筑特点）——作用
Good morning teachers, my topic is General Information of the Forbidden City in front of Meridan Gate.The Forbidden City is located in the center of BJ.It used to be the former Imperial Palace for the M&Q Emperors.It is the best-preserved imperial palace in China, the largest ancient palatial structure in the world, and it is also the largest piece of ancient Chinese architecture still in existence today.Now, let show you something about the history of the Forbidden City In 1368, after the 1st emperor Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, he made Nan Jing as it's capital.But after the 3rd Emperor Zhu Di came to the throne in 1402, he decided to move the capital from Nan Jing to Bei Jing.Upon the decision of moving the capital, a large-scale construction of the Forbidden City started in 1406 and based on the model of the Imperial Palace in Nan Jing.But was more splendid and larger.The construction took 14 years and was completed in 1420.in the following year, 1421, the capital of the Ming Dynasty was moved from NJ to BJ.When the Qing rulers took over BJ, they just stayed in the former imperial palace but rebuilt and renovated most of the buildings.So the situation of the Forbidden City was much better than it was in the Ming Dynasty.But in the later of Qing Dynasty, because of the corruption of the Qing Government, and the slack management of the Forbidden City, it once again fell into a declined and waned condition.Later on, Qing Dynasty was overthrown by 1911 Revolution led by Dr.Sun-Yat-Sen.But according to the 19 articles of the preferential treatment for Qing court, after 1911, the last Emperor Pu Yi and his royal family spent another 13 years in the Forbidden City until 1924, they were driven out of the palace.Starting from the 3rd emperor Zhu Di of the Ming Dynasty, to the last emperor Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty, there were a total 24 emperors who lived and handled state affairs in the Forbidden City.On the October 10th 1925, the whole complex was converted into a museum and opened to the public, and in 1987, it was listed as a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO.The Forbidden City covers an area of 72 hectares.It is rectangular in shape, 960 ms long from north to south, and 750 ms while from east to west, surrounded with a 10-m high city wall and encircled by a 52-m wide moat.At each corner of the surrounding wall, there is a magnificent watchtower, which was heavily guarded in the old days.Each of the 4 watchtower has 9 beams, 18 pillars and 72 ridgepoles.The Forbidden City can be divided into 2 parts: the Outer Court and the Inner Palace.The Outer Court consists of 3 main buildings.This was the place where the emperors attended the grand ceremonies and conducted state affairs;while the Inner Palace is composed of rear 3 main buildings and the 6 eastern palaces and 6 western palaces.There was the place where the emperor used to handle daily affairs and it was the living quarters for the emperor, empre and imperial concubines.The layout of the Forbidden City is generally designed to the principle of “a Front Court and Rear Palace”, which means “the front court for state affairs and the rear palace as the living quarters”.OK, so much for the history part, next, I'll introduce the Meridan Gate.There are 4 gates in each side of the Forbidden City.The Meridan Gate is the main entrance to the Forbidden City and also the south gate of Forbidden City.On the top of the gate, there are 5 towers, so it was also nicknamed as the “Five-Phoenix Tower”.The main tower is rectangular in shape, which is located in the center with 4 square-shaped tower in each corner.Inside the tower, bells and drums were installed.There are 3 obvious doorways can be seen from the outside of the Meridan Gate and 2 side doorways are hidden from view.But all 5 doorways cane be seen after walking through the Meridan Gate and turning around.This is a typical building method for this kind of gate——“3 obvious doorways can be seen from the outside, but five doorways can be seen from inside”.However, on the day the Imperial Palace Examination results were announced, the 1st top 3 outstanding scholars were allowed to go through the central gate here in the Forbidden City.The high-ranking civil and military officials went in through the side gate on the east, and the royal family members went in through the west.The two smaller ones on both side at the the corner were for the low-ranking officials.During the Palace Examination, all the candidates went in from the these two side-gates according to their odd or even numbers.During the Ming & Qing Dynasties, there were mainly two functions of the Meridan Gate: the festival activities and the official ceremonies.The festival activities mainly were: Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Double-nine Festival and some other different Chinese folk festivals in the lunar month every year.The official ceremonies mainly were two: the ceremony of announcing the new lunar year calendar and the ceremony of “Accepting Captive of War”.“Court Beating” also took place in front of the Meridan Gate, which is a kind of punishment to punish those offending officials by beating them on their buttocks with sticks, Fortunately, this kind of punishment was abolished in the Qing Dynasty.
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