第1篇：佩科斯-比尔英文故事
佩科斯-比尔英文故事
Now, the Special English Program AMERICAN STORIES.
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Today we tell a traditional American story called a “tall tale.” A tall tale is a story about a person who is larger than life. The descriptions in the story are exaggerated – much greater than in real life. Long ago, the people who settled in undeveloped areas in America first told tall tales. After a hard days work, people gathered to tell each other funny stories.
Pecos Bill was a larger than life hero of the American West. No one knows who first told stories about Pecos Bill. Cowboys may have invented the stories. Others say Edward OReilly invented the character in stories he wrote for The Century Magazine in the early nineteen hundreds. The stories were collected in a book called “The Saga of Pecos Bill” published in nineteen twenty-three.
Another writer, James Cloyd Bowman, wrote an award-winning childrens book called “Pecos Bill: The Greatest Cowboy of All Time.” The book won the Newbery Honor in nineteen thirty-eight.
Pecos Bill was not a historical person. But he does represent the spirit of early settlers in the American West. His unusual childhood and extraordinary actions tell about people who believed there were no limits to what they could do. Now, here is Barbara Klein with our story.
(MUSIC)
STORYTELLER:
Pecos Bill had one of the strangest childhoods a boy ever had. It all started after his father decided that there was no longer enough room in east Texas for his family.
“Pack up, Ma!” he cried. “Neighbors movin in fifty miles away! Its getting too crowded!”
So they loaded up a wagon with all their things. Now some say they had fifteen children while others say eighteen. However many there were, the children were louder than thunder. And as they set off across the wild country of west Texas, their mother and father could hardly hear a thing.
Now, as they came to the Pecos River, the wagon hit a big rock. The force threw little Bill out of the wagon and he landed on the sandy ground. Mother did not know Bill was gone until she gathered the children for the midday meal. Mother set off with some of the children to look for Bill, but they could find no sign of him.
Well, some people say Bill was just a baby when his family lost him. Others say he was four years old. But all agree that a group of animals called coyotes found Bill and raised him. Bill did all the things those animals did, like chase lizards and howl at the moon. He became as good a coyote as any.
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Now, Bill spent seventeen years living like a coyote until one day a cowboy rode by on his horse. Some say the cowboy was one of Bills brothers. Whoever he was, he took one look at Bill and asked, “What are you?”
Bill was not used to human language. At first, he could not say anything. The cowboy repeated his question. This time, Bill said, “varmint.”
That is a word used for any kind of wild animal.
“No you arent,” said the cowboy.
“Yes, I am,” said Bill. “I have fleas.”
“Lots of people have fleas,” said the cowboy. “You dont have a tail.”
“Yes, I do,” said Bill.
“Show it to me then,” the cowboy said.
Bill looked at his backside and realized that he did not have a tail like the other coyotes. “Well, what am I then?” asked Bill.
“Youre a cowboy! So start acting like one!” the cowboy cried out. Well that was all Bill needed to hear. He said goodbye to his coyote friends and left to join the world of humans.
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Now, Pecos Bill was a good cowboy. Still, he hungered for adventure. One day he heard about a rough group of men. There is some debate over what the group was called. But one storyteller calls it the “Hells Gate Gang.”
So Bill set out across the rough country to find this gang of men. Well, Bills horse soon was injured so Bill had to carry it for a hundred miles. Then Bill met a rattlesnake fifty feet long. The snake made a hissing noise and was not about to let Bill pass. But after a tense minute, Bill beat the snake until it surrendered. He felt sorry for the varmint, though, and wrapped it around his arm.
After Bill walked another hundred miles, he came across an angry mountain lion. There was a huge battle, but Bill took control of the big cat and put his saddle on it. He rode that mountain lion all the way to the camp of the Hells Gate Gang.
Now, when Bill saw the gang he shouted out, “Whos the boss around here?”
A huge cowboy, nine feet tall, took one look at Bill and said in a shaky voice, “I was the boss. But you are the boss from here on in.”
With his gang, Pecos Bill was able to create the biggest ranch in the Southwest. Bill and his men had so many cattle that they needed all of New Mexico to hold them. Arizona was the pasture where the cattle ate grass.
Pecos Bill invented the art of being a cowboy. He invented the skill of throwing a special rope called a lasso over a cows head to catch wandering cattle.
Some say he used a rattlesnake for a lasso. Others say he made a lasso so big that it circled the whole Earth.
Bill invented the method of using a hot branding iron to permanently put the mark of a ranch on a cows skin. That helped stop people from stealing cattle. Some say he invented cowboy songs to help calm the cattle and make the cowboys life easier. But he is also said to have invented tarantulas and scorpions as jokes. Cowboys have had trouble with those poisonous creatures ever since.
Now, Pecos Bill could ride anything that ever was. So, as some tell the story, there came a storm bigger than any other. It all happened during the worst drought the West had ever seen. It was so dry that horses and cows started to dry up and blow away in the wind. So when Bill saw the windstorm, he got an idea. The huge tornado kicked across the land like a wild bronco. But Bill jumped on it without a thought.
He rode that tornado across Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, all the time squeezing the rain out of it to save the land from drought. When the storm was over, Bill fell off the tornado. He landed in California. He left a hole so deep that to this day it is known as Death Valley.
(MUSIC)
Now, Bill had a horse named Widow Maker. He got that name because any man who rode that horse would be thrown off and killed and his wife would become a widow. No one could ride that horse but Bill.
And Widow Maker, in the end, caused the biggest problem for Pecos Bill. You see, one day Bill saw a woman. Not just any woman, but a wild, red- haired woman, riding a giant catfish down the Rio Grande River.
Her name was Slue-foot Sue. And Bill fell in love with her at first sight. Well, Bill would not rest until he had asked for her hand in marriage. And Slue-foot Sue accepted.
On their wedding day, Pecos Bill dressed in his best buckskin suit. And Sue wore a beautiful white dress with a huge steel-spring bustle in the back. It was the kind of big dress that many women wore in those days — the bigger the better.
Now, after the marriage ceremony Slue-foot Sue got a really bad idea. She decided that she wanted to ride Widow Maker. Bill begged her not to try. But she had her mind made up.
Well, the second she jumped on the horses back he began to kick and buck like nothing anyone had ever seen. He sent Sue flying so high that she sailed clear over the new moon.
She fell back to Earth, but the steel-spring bustle just bounced her back up as high as before.
Now, there are many different stories about what happened next. One story says Bill saw that Sue was in trouble. She would keep bouncing forever if nothing was done. So he took his rope out -- though some say it was a huge rattlesnake -- and lassoed Sue to catch her and bring her down to Earth. Only, she just bounced him back up with her.
Somehow the two came to rest on the moon. And thats where they stayed. Some people say they raised a family up there. Their children were as loud and wild as Bill and Sue were in their younger days. People say the sound of thunder that sometimes carries over the dry land around the Pecos River is nothing more than Pecos Bills family laughing up a storm.
(SOUND)
(MUSIC: “(Therell Never Be Another) Pecos Bill”)
ANNOUNCER:
This tall tale of Pecos Bill was adapted for Special English and produced by Mario Ritter. Your storyteller was Barbara Klein. Im Steve Ember.
第2篇：科斯的故事
科斯的故事
科斯生于一九一○，认识的朋友一致说他的一举一动皆合乎英国绅士的礼仪。一九三二年毕业于伦敦经济学院。因为课程修完早于规定的毕业时间，一九三一年他到美国去，在芝加哥大学旁听了奈特几课，不同意，有所悟，写下了一九三七年发表的《公司的性质》的初稿。这是后来一九九一年获诺贝尔经济学奖时被提到的两篇文章之一了。
科斯读很多书，翻阅文件无数，但正规的经济学论著他背得出来的只三本：马歇尔的《经济学原理》；奈特的《风险、不确定与盈利》；Philip Wicksteed的《政治经济的普通常识》。从我六十年代初期苦攻的水平衡量，科斯的分析技术差一点。但他出自斯密与英国教育的优良传统，受训于今天行内识者无不向往的三十年代的伦敦经济学院，老师与同学皆一时才俊，什么技术云云是无足轻重的了。
以读书考试算，科斯没有拿过学士以上的衔头。一九五一年要转到美国任教职，没有博士不成，他拿几篇发表了的文章申请D.Sc.这个荣誉博士衔，获取，而为他写推荐信到美国水牛大学去的是戴维德。戴维德自己也只有一个学士，但为哈耶克写过推荐信。这可见西方学术传统的至高处，跟今天中国的很不一样。
科斯是我认识的学者中最顽固的人。我可以说服他逻辑上有错，或这里那里要说得清楚一点，但他的思想路向是不能移动的。他没有兴趣的话题，对他说是白费心思。他坚持经济研究要知道真实世界发生着些什么事，反对黑板经济学，而选上了一个题材不走到尽头他不会罢休。《公司的性质》之后，科斯的另一篇有名文章是《边际成本的争议》，而在英国的日子，他研究的主要是垄断。奇怪，他选上了广播行业作为垄断的研究题材。到美国后，他继续研究广播或传播行业，但从英国的转到美国的那边去。这就带到他一九五九年在《法律经济学报》发表的《联邦传播委员会》那篇我认为是他平生写得最精彩的文章。
千载难逢的实例
科斯要调查联邦传播委员会，因为见到该会控制着整个美国的所有传播行业，是一家垄断权力非常庞大的机构，他要问这权力从何而起。找到的答案，是该委员会的前身是一个收音委员会组织，起于美国的东北部——波士顿一带。二十世纪初期，东北部的渔民出海捕鱼，靠收音机与家人联络，问天气、报平安。收音机的音波有频率，这频率应该每艘渔船各自不同。但在没有管制的情况下，不同渔船用同一音波频率，在空中互相干扰，弄得一团糟。有些好事之徒乱用频率，传达假讯息，当然是非管不可的了。科斯问：音波频率究竟是谁拥有的呢？为什么不界定为私产然后让市场决定谁有使用权呢？
科斯一脚踏中一个千载难逢的例子。一个人的行为影响他人，其效果有好有坏，是社会成本与私人成本出现了分离的重要话题，不仅老生常谈，而且带来的无效率需要政府干预之说在经济学行内大致上是接受了的。
最有名的例子是庇古提出的一家工厂污染邻居。邻居受损是工厂产出的社会成本的一部分，但工厂只算自家的生产成本，不管他人受到的污染。工厂生产的自家成本是私人成本，但社会成本是工厂的私人成本再加邻居受损的那部分。二者有分离，无效率，政府要多抽工厂的税，促使其减产，或政府要强迫工厂赔偿邻居的损失。工厂为祸，是坏人；邻居是无辜的受害者，是好人。大家日常生活的经验中，类同的例子无数。
一个人的行为给他人带来良好效果的例子比较少。最有名的是蜜蜂采蜜，替果树传播花粉，果实的数量增加，但果园的主人可没有给养蜂者补偿，也无效率，经济学者之见是政府理应补贴蜜蜂的饲养。园主是坏人，蜂主是好人。其实没有补偿或没有以市价成交的有良好外部性效果的例子不是那么少。一个美女招摇过市，大家看得开心，可没有给她钱。你跟一个有学问的人倾谈，学得一点，但没有给他钱。给钱他会多说几句，而什么经济效率云云，是指给钱之价跟多说一句的边际用值相等。
回头说音波频率在空中互相干扰的例子。我说千载难逢，因为那是唯一的没有好人坏人之别的实例。我干扰你，你也同时同样地干扰我，谁对谁错、谁好谁坏——再不是问题，经济学者可以容易地客观地看。科斯因而看到一个问题：工厂污染邻居，对邻居有损害，但如果不准工厂污染，岂不是邻居损害了工厂？究竟是哪方需要负责赔偿呢？
泊车损害种植惹来争议
在《联邦传播委员会》一文中，科斯举出一个惹来大争议的例子，最后他说的一句话就是足以传世的科斯定律，奇怪当时没有谁注意。该例子说：一个人在地上种植，另一个人在该地泊车，是谁损害了谁呢？泊车损害种植，但如果为了种植而不准泊车，则是种植者损害了泊车的人。跟着的推理是：只要土地的使用权利有清楚的界定，种植或泊车哪种用途价值较高，会通过市场的运作决定。科斯于是说：权利界定是市场交易必要的先决条件（The delineation of rights is an eential prelude to market transactions）。
《联邦》的文稿投到芝大由戴维德主编的《法律经济学报》，芝大的多位大师一律不同意种植者损害了泊车的人。戴维德于是要求科斯删除种植与泊车那部分。科斯坚持不删，说如果有错，那是有趣的错，应该刊登。戴维德说不删改也可以，但刊登后科斯要到芝大讲话，回应芝大同事的质疑。科斯的回应，是不公开讲话，但可与几位反对的坐下来研讨。以一对九科斯胜
这就带来一九六○年的春天在戴维德家中晚餐后的大辩论，在场的人都说应该是经济学历史上最精彩的。该辩论有十个人，皆名家也：Martin Bailey, Milton Friedman, Arnold Harberger, Reuben Keel, Gregg Lewis, John McGee, Lloyd Mints, George Stigler，当然还有Ronald Coase与Aaron Director。（因为十君子我认识其中八位，跟他们谈过当晚大辩论的细节，瑞典的一个经济学诺奖委员曾经要求我提供详情，据说他们考虑建造一蜡像室描述这辩论。我的困难是McGee曾经告诉我，当晚Harberger在戴维德的家搬动家具建造畜牧的栏杆，但Harberger却记不起曾经这样做。）
辩论吵了三个小时。起于晚餐后科斯问：「工厂污染邻居，要工厂赔偿给邻居吗？还是邻居赔偿给工厂要求减产呢？」施蒂格勒的回忆，是吵到中途，弗里德曼站起来开枪乱扫，半个小时后所有的人都倒下，只有科斯还站着。科斯的回忆，是虽然当时自己肯定没有错，但米尔顿分析得那么清晰，他知道自己可以安寝无忧了。这些传言使一些外人认为科斯定律源自米尔顿的天才。我不同意，因为《联邦》一文发表在戴维德家中晚餐之前，而科斯定律已清楚地在该文表达了。后来一九九一年科斯获诺贝尔奖，发表演辞时米尔顿坐在我旁边。我轻声地问米尔顿：「这个人应该获诺奖吗？」米尔顿指着台上，说：「他吗？早应得了。」 施蒂格勒认为，当晚没有录音是经济学的大损失。McGee的回忆，是夜阑人静，大家离开戴维德的家时，自言自语地说他们为历史作了见证。芝大的Harry Johnson当时在伦敦，过了一天给芝大经济系一封电报，说：「听说又有一个英国人发现了新大陆。」十多年后，曾经反对科斯最激烈的Keel对我说，地球上我们要回到斯密才能找到一个像科斯那样对市场有那么深入感受的人！
晚餐辩论后，科斯回到自己的维珍尼亚大学，动笔写今天同学们都知道的《社会成本问题》。说是一九六○年发表，其实是一九六一年了。科斯以为要赶印，写一节寄一节给戴维德，所以该文读来每节有明确的独立性，在连贯上没有一般文章那么一体。后来科斯对我说，他当时不知道戴维德根本不在乎什么时候发表，等多长时间也无所谓。当时《法律经济学报》有稿酬。我曾经问戴维德：「你给科斯那篇文章的稿酬是多少呢？」他回应：「当时校方规定每篇文章的稿酬以页数算。要是不这样，我会把所有的钱给科斯算了。」
第3篇：沃尔特.格洛佩斯
沃尔特·格罗佩斯（Walter Gropius；1883年5月18日－1969年7月5日，也译作瓦尔特·格罗皮乌斯或葛罗培斯），德国建筑师和建筑教育家，现代设计学校先驱包浩斯的创办人。沃尔特·格罗培斯是二十世纪最重要的现代设计家、设计理论家和设计教育的奠基人。1907至1910年间，他是从德国著名彼得·贝伦斯（Peter Behrens）也是他一生中所受的最大影响。后来他也受到勒·柯布西耶 和密斯·凡·德·罗 的影响，经常与建筑大师马塞尔·布劳耶（Marcel Breuer）进行合作。1911年，他成为德国劳工同盟组织中的成员，同时他们建立了一种新的设计方式，即：将创造性的设计师与机器作品相结合的制作方式。该组织反对模仿，同时讨厌为功能而行的简单理论。1919年，格罗培斯成为Grand Duc
