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八年级英语unit7课件:Past and present
一.教学内容:
Unit 1 Past and present Graar
二.教学目标:
掌握Unit1的语法: Present perfect tense 现在完成时的用法
三.教学过程
(一)基本概念
1、定义
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。
2、构成: have(has)+过去分词。规律变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed;不规律变化的过去分词见不规律动词表,需要同学们记忆。
3、句型:
现以see the fil为例将现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句列表如下:
肯定句:I/u/We/The have seen the fil.He/She /It has seen the fil.否定句:I/u/We/The have nt/ haven’t seen the fil.He/ She/It has nt/hasn’t seen the fil.疑问句:Have I/u/the seen the fil? es, u/ we/I/the have.N, u/ we/I/the haven’t.Has he/she/it seen the fil? es, he/ she/ it has.N, he/ she/ it hasn’t.(二)用法:现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在。
用法一:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与ust(刚刚),alread(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),befre(以前),et(仍然),nce(一次),twice(两次),an ties(很多次),hw an ties(多少次),s far(迄今为止),during the past(last)three ears(最近三年来)等连用。
※ 副词的位置:①ust常用于肯定句中,放在have / has后,He has ust ce.②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has+主语+ever +过去分词?“……曾经……过吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have u ever been t the far?
④befre用于句末,The wan has never heard f that befre.⑤et 用于句末或nt 之后.Has the train arrived et? N, nt et.⑥alread用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have alread finished it.⑦s far用于句首或句末.S far, we have visited the n.用法二:表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有:
(三)现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间的状语(fr,since,hw lng, all ne’s life)连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词。如:be,have,nw,live,wr,stud,learn,teach,eep,spea,tal,draw,wait,wear,wal,sleep,drive,write,d,clean等。
I have been a teacher fr nearl 20 ears.Hw lng has he lived here?
(四)延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的(到说话时仍未结束)表示一段时间的状语连用。如this rning,tda,this wee,these das
He has been t Beiing three ties this ear.He has written tw letters this rning.(说话时间在上午)
He wrte tw letters this rning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)
(五)英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间
就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有:ce,g,arrive,reach,see,hear,clse,pen,leave,begin,start,lse,bu,fall,in,die,get up,bece,brrw,lend,find,finish,receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语(hw lng,fr,since)连用。
He has ce bac.(√)
He has ce bac fr tw hurs.(×)
※ 但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如
I haven’t heard fr father fr a lng tie.We haven’t seen hi since 1999.(六)当终止性动词(非延续性动词)与表示一段时间的状语(hw lng,since,fr,all ne’s life)相矛盾时,改正病句的方法有如下几种:
(1)用副词ag把现在完成时的句子改为过去时.He has ce bac fr tw wees.(F)
改为: He cae bac tw wees ag.(T)
I have lst bie fr ten das.(F)
改为: I lst bie ten das ag.(T)
(2)用“It is / has been+时间+since+过去时态”句型来改写。
He has ined the League fr 3 ears.(F)
It is 3 ears since he ined the League.(T)
I have bught the b fr 5 das.(F)
It is 5 das since I bught the b.(T)
He has died fr 20 ears.(F)
It is 20 ears since he died.(T)
(3)用“时间+has paed+since+过去时态”句型来改写。
He has left he fr 20 ears.改为: Twent ears has paed since he left he.He has lst his pen fr 2 das.改为: Tw das has paed since he lst his pen.(4)用系表关系来改写.He has died fr 20 ears.改为: He has been dead fr 20 ears.The factr has pened since 1999.改为: The factr has been pen since 1999.Hw lng has he left?
改为: Hw lng has he been awa?
(5)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。
He has bught the b fr tw wees.改为: He has had the b fr tw wees.常见的相应转换形式如下:
brrw / lend→eep, bu→have, finish / end→be ver, arrive /ce / g / ve / reach /get t→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be n , pen→be pen , clse→be clsed, die→be dead , leave→be awa(fr), g t schl→be in schl / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get t nw→nw, lse→be lst, bece→be, return / ce bac / get bac→be bac, in→be in / be a…eber, in the ar→be in the ar /be a sldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cld→have a cld, begin t stud→stud
他参军已有三年。
He has ined the ar fr three ears.(F)
改为:
He has been in the ar fr three ears / since three ears ag.He has been a sldier fr three ears / since three ears ag.He ined the ar three ears ag.It is three ears since he ined the ar.Three ears has paed since he ined the ar.(1)He cae t ur village tw ears ag.=He ur village since tw ears ag.(2)He left he three das ag.=He he fr 3 das.(3)I bught the watch 2 wees ag.=I the watch since 2 wees ag.(4)It is 5 das since I brrwed the b.=I the b fr 5 das.(5)The fil has begun.= The fil fr half an hur.(6)I gt t nw hi 10 ears ag.=I hi fr 10 ears.(7)There is a factr.=There a factr fr 20 ears.(8)Our schl pened in 1960.=Our schl since 1960.
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