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一、Definitions of Instructional Design 1.ID is interpreted broadly and includes a collection of activities to plan, implement, evaluate, and manage events and environments that are intended to facilitate learning and performance.ID encompaes a set of interdependent and complex activities including situation aement and problem identification, analysis and design, development and production, evaluation, and management and maintenance of learning proce and the ID effort.Instruction design is the systemic proce of planning instruction for effective and productive learning.It should lead the learners to reach the required learning stage with full of insights for further learning.Instructional Design is the systematic proce of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning.The term instructional system design was defined with a general description of the design proce.Stages of design are often presented as a flow diagram or model to be followed in the design of instructional materials.The instructional system approach is a proce of planning and developing instruction that makes use of research and learning theory and employs empirical testing as a means for the improvement of instruction.Instructional System Design(ISD)is an organized procedure that includes the steps of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating instruction.国外的教学设计概念：
Instructional design is the entire proce of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of delivery system(instructional materials and activities)to meet the needs.L.J.Briggs
Instructional design refers to the systematic proce of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and activities.P.L.Smith
Instructional design can be defined as the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, evaluation and maintenance of situations which facilitate the learning of both large and small unite of subject matter.R.Richey
Instructional design is a discipline that is concerned with understanding and improving the proce of instruction.The purpose of any design activity is to devise optimal means to achieve desired ends.Therefore the discipline of instructional design is concerned primarily with prescribing optimal methods of instruction to bring desired changes in student’s knowledge and skills.C.M.Reigeluth 国内的教学设计概念：
教学设计是研究教学系统、教学过程和制定教学计划的系统方法。（电教司）教学设计是一种关于获得良好教学效果的方法论。（刘茂森）教学设计是用系统观点和方法，按照教学目标和教学对象的特点，仔细安排和组织各种学习资源，使之系列化。（南国农）
教学设计是应用系统方法分析研究教学问题和需求，确定解决它们的方法和步骤，并对教学结果做出评价的一种计划过程和操作程序。（李克东）
教学系统化设计是运用系统方法分析教学问题和确定教学目标，建立解决教学问题的策略方案、试行解决方案、评价试行结果和对方案进行修改的过程。（乌美娜，1994）
教学设计是运用系统方法，将学习理论与教学理论的原理转换成对教学目标、教学内容、教学方法和教学策略、教学评价等环节进行具体计划、创设教与学的系统“过程”或“程序”。（何克抗，2002）
ID as a Proce: ID is the systematic development of instruction specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction.It is the entire proce of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs.It includes development of instructional materials and activities;and tryout and evaluation of all instruction of all instruction and learning activities.ID as a Discipline: ID is that branch of knowledge concerned with research and theory about instructional strategies and the proce for developing and implementing those strategies.ID as a Science: ID is the science of creating detailed specification for the development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of subject matter at all levels of complexity.ID as Reality: ID can start at any point in the design proce.Often a glimmer of an idea is developed to give the core of an instruction situation.By the time the entire proce is done, the designer looks back and he or she checks to see that all parts of the “science” have been taken into account.Then the entire proce is written up as if it occurred in a systematic fashion.2.Instructional System Design(ISD)The term instructional system design was defined with a general description of the design proce.Stages of design are often presented as a flow diagram or model to be followed in the design of instructional materials.The instructional system approach is a proce of planning and developing instruction that makes use of research and learning theory and employs empirical testing as a means for the improvement of instruction.Instructional System Design(ISD)is an organized procedure that includes the steps of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating instruction.
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