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Section 2 Summit of Romanticism –American Transcendentalism I.Background: four sources
1.Unitarianism
(1)Fatherhood of God
(2)Brotherhood of men
(3)Leadership of Jesus
(4)Salvation by character(perfection of one’s character)
(5)Continued progre of mankind
(6)Divinity of mankind
(7)Depravity of mankind
2.Romantic Idealism
Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit(Kant)
3.Oriental mysticism
Center of the world is “oversoul”
4.Puritanism
Eloquent expreion in transcendentalism
II.Appearance
1836, “Nature” by Emerson
III.Features
1.spirit/oversoul
2.importance of individualism
3.nature – symbol of spirit/God
garment of the oversoul
4.focus in intuition(irrationalism and subconsciousne)
IV.Influence
1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature.It streed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral neceity for rising to spiritual height.3.It helped to create the first American renaiance – one of the most prolific period in American literature.V.RalphWaldo Emerson
1.life
2.works
(1)Nature
(2)Two eays: The American Scholar, The Poet
3.point of view
(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the
transcendence of the “oversoul”.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral
influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect.This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.4.aesthetic ideas
(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should expre his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.5.his influence
VI.Henry David Thoreau
1.life
2.works
(1)A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River
(2)Walden
(3)A Plea for John Brown(an eay)
3.point of view
(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)“Simplicity…simplify!”
(7)He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society”.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.Section 3 Late Romanticism
I.Nathaniel Hawthorne
1.life
2.works
(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Moes from and Old Manse
(2)The Scarlet Letter
(3)The House of the Seven Gables
(4)The Marble Faun
3.point of view
(1)Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackne in Hawthorne”
(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment.Sin or evil can be paed from generation to generation(causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic ideas
(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.5.style – typical romantic writer
(1)the use of symbols
(2)revelation of characters’ psychology
(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual
(4)his stories are parable(parable inform)– to teach a leon
(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of view
II.Herman Melville
1.life
2.works
(1)Typee
(2)Omio
(3)Mardi
(4)Redburn
(5)White Jacket
(6)Moby Dick
(7)Pierre
(8)Billy Budd
3.point of view
(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay”(negative attitude towards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation(far away from each other).Other themes: loneline, suicidal individualism(individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progre
4.style
(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route(Moby Dick)
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