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presentations and public Speaking in English
A presentation is a formal talk to one or more people that “presents” ideas or information in a clear, structured way.people are sometimes afraid of speaking in public, but if you follow a few simple rules, giving a presentation is actually very easy.This tutorial guides you through each stage of giving a presentation in English, from the initial preparation to the conclusion and questions and answers.This tutorial is itself set out like a mini-presentation.preparation
Can you name the 3 most important things when giving any presentation?
Number 1 is...preparation
Number 2 is...preparation!
Number 3 is...preparation！
preparation is everything!
With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and le nervous.And your audience will feel your confidence.Your audience, too, will be confident.they will be confident in you.And this will give you control.Control of your audience and of your presentation.With control, you will be 'in charge' and your audience will listen positively to your meage.Objective
Before you start to prepare a presentation, you should ask yourself: “Why am I making this presentation?” Do you need to inform, to persuade, to train or to sell? Your objective should be clear in your mind.If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot poibly be clear to your audience.Audience
“Who am I making this presentation to?” Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always.You should try to inform yourself.How many people? Who are they? Busine people? profeional people? political people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small, intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering of 400 competitors? How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?
Venue
“Where am I making this presentation?” In a small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall? What facilities and equipment are available? What are the seating arrangements?
Time and length
“When am I making this presentation and how long will it be?” Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just before lunch, when your audience will be hungry, or just after lunch, when your audience will be sleepy?
Method
How should I make this presentation?“ What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of visual aids or only a few? Will you include some anecdotes and humour for variety?
Content
”What should I say?“ Now you must decide exactly what you want to say.First, you should brainstorm your ideas.You will no doubt discover many ideas that you want to include in your presentation.But you must be selective.You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your objective.You should exclude all other ideas.You also need to create a title for your presentation(if you have not already been given a title).The title will help you to focus on the subject.And you will prepare your visual aids, if you have decided to use them.But remember, in general, le is better than more(a little is better than a lot).You can always give additional information during the questions after the presentation.Structure
A well organised presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow.It is therefore more effective.You should organise the points you wish to make in a logical order.Most presentations are organised in three parts, followed by questions:
Beginning Short introduction welcome your audience
introduce your subject
explain the structure of your presentation
explain rules for questions
Middle Body of presentation present the subject itself
End Short conclusion summarise your presentation
thank your audience
invite questions
Questions and Answers
Notes
When you give your presentation, you should beas spontaneous as poible.You should not read your presentation!You should be so familiar with your subject and with the information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text.Reading a text is boring!Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep!So if you don't have a text to read, how can you remember to say everything you need to say? With notes.You can create your own system of notes.Some people make notes on small, A6 cards.Some people write down just the title of each section of their talk.Some people write down keywords to remind them.The notes will give you confidence, but because you will have prepared your presentation fully, you may not even need them!
Rehearsal
Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation.You should leave time to practise your presentation two or three times.This will have the following benefits:
you will become more familiar with what you want to say
you will identify weaknees in your presentation
you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations
you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any neceary modifications
So prepare, prepare, prepare!prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment.Rehearse your presentation several times and time it.Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order? Do you know who the audience is? How many people? How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you have answered all these questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to communicate the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.Equipment
Easily your most important piece of equipment is...YOU
!Make sure you're in full working order, and check your personal presentation carefullyas in brainstorming, for example.For prepared material, the OHp might be more suitable.The duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard.It is eential that the duster be clean to start with.You may consider carrying your own duster just in case.Markers are used for writing on the whiteboard(delibleyou cannot remove the ink).They are usually available in blue, red, black and green.Again, it's a good idea to carry a spare set of markers in case you are given some used ones which do not write well.”A good workman never blames his tools.“ The flipchart consists of several leaves of paper that you 'flip' or turn over.Some people prefer the flipchart to the whiteboard, but its use is limited to smaller presentations.The Slide projectoradds a certain drama.Some slide projectors can be synchronised with audio for audio-visual(AV)presentations.These projectors are typically used for larger presentations.The majority take 35mm slides or transparencies(as seen here), but projectors for 6x6cm slides are also available.Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector or a slide projector onto a screenin as natural a way as poible.This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disaGREement, allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate.Your objective is to communicate!
Body Language
What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say.Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth.Your clothes, your walk, your glaes, your haircut, your expreionand you can stop completely!You can pause.This is a very good technique for gaining your audience's attention.intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice.You can speak in a high tone.You can speak in a low tone.volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly.Lowering your voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audience's interest.the important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout your presentationthey can rely more heavily on visual aids
It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids.But it is equally important not to overload your audience's brains.Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum-and give your audience time to look at and absorb this information.Remember, your audience have never seen these visual aids before.They need time to study and to understand them.Without understanding there is no communication.Audience Reaction
Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your presentation.If you receive particularly awkward questions, you might suggest that the questioners ask their questions after your presentation.Language
Say what you are going to say,Simplicity and Clarity
If you want your audience to understand your meage, your language must be simple and clear.Use short words and short sentences.Do not use jargon, unle you are certain that your audience understands it.In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas.Use active verbs instead of paive verbs.Active verbs are much easier to understand.they are much more powerful.Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:
Toyota sold two million cars last year.Two million cars were sold by Toyota last year.Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more powerful? N°1 is active and N°2 is paive.Signposting
When you drive on the roads, you know where you are on those roads.Each road has a name or number.Each town has a name.And each house has a number.If you are at house N° 100, you can go back to N° 50 or forward to N° 150.You can look at the signposts for directions.And you can look at your atlas for the structure of the roads in detail.In other words, it is easy to navigate the roads.You cannot get lost.But when you give a presentation, how can your audience know where they are? How can they know the structure of your presentation? How can they know what is coming next? They know because you tell them.Because you put up signposts for them, at the beginning and all along the route.This technique is called 'signposting'(or 'signalling').During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your presentation will be.You might say something like this:
”I'll start by describing the current position in Europe.Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia.After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa.Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations.“
A member of the audience can now visualize your presentation like this:
Introduction
Welcome
Explanation of structure(now)
Body
Europe
Asia
Africa
Conclusion
Summing up
Recommendations
He will keep this image in his head during the presentation.He may even write it down.And throughout your presentation, you will put up signposts telling him which point you have reached and where you are going now.When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say:
”That's all I have to say about Europe.Let's turn now to Asia.“
When you have finished Africa and want to sum up, you might say:
”Well, we've looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and Africa.I'd like to sum up now.“
And when you finish summing up and want to give your recommendations, you might say:
”What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..."
the table below lists useful expreions that you can use to signpost the various parts of your presentation.Signposting
Function Language Introducing the subject
I'd like to start by...Let's begin by...First of all, I'll...Starting with...I'll begin by...Finishing one subject...Well, I've told you about...That's all I have to say about...We've looked at...So much for......and starting another
Now we'll move on to...Let me turn now to...Next...Turning to...I'd like now to discu...Let's look now at...Analysing a point and giving recommendations
Where does that lead us?
Let's consider this in more detail...What does this mean for ABC?
Translated into real terms...Giving an example
For example,...A good example of this is...As an illustration,...To give you an example,...To illustrate this point...Dealing with questions
We'll be examining this point in more detail later on...I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may...I'll come back to this question later in my talk...perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end...I won't comment on this now...Summarising and concluding
In conclusion,...Right, let's sum up, shall we?
I'd like now to recap...Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at...Finally, let me remind you of some of the iues we've covered...If I can just sum up the main points...Ordering
Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly...First of all...then...next...after that...finally...To start with...later...to finish up...
II.Introducing the Subject and the outline of the presentation引入话题Background InformationI would like to start by briefly reviewing the history of open heart......
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