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2009年高考英语第一轮复习常考经典易错词汇短语辨析精析
travel,trip,journey的用法区别
三者均可表示“旅行”,区别如下:
1.travel 泛指一般意义的旅行,是不可数名词。如: He is fond of travel(= travelling)。他喜欢旅行。Travel is much cheaper than it used to be.现在旅行比过去便宜多了。
注:有时可用复数形式,主要指时间较长的各处旅行,此时通常有物主代词修饰,但是尽管用了复数形式,却不能与 many 或数词连用。如:
He‘s gone off on his travels again.他又外出旅行了。
另外,travel 通常只是泛指旅行,而不特指某次具体的旅行,所以通常不说:How was your travel?
2.journey 通常指远距离的陆地旅行,并且不一定要返回到出发地(即通常指单程)。如:
I wish you a pleasant journey.祝你一路顺风。He made a journey to Beijing.他去北京旅行了。注:journey 有时并不指真正意义的“旅行”,而只是表示走过一段距离。如:
How long is your journey to work? 你上班要走多远? 3.trip 通常指近距离的为了办事或消遣而进行旅行,并且往往要回到出发点(即指双程),不过有时 trip 也可指远距离的长途旅行,可与 journey 换用,比 journey 更通俗。如: A:Where is John? 约翰在哪里?
B:He‘s on a trip to Shanghai.他去上海旅行了。He‘ll make a round-the-world trip.他将周游世界。
affect, effect, influence用法区别
区别一:affect 与 effect 均可表示“影响”,其区别是:前者是动词(及物),主要指一时的影响,着重影响的动作,可指一般意义的影响(不分好坏),也可指不良影响;后者是名词(可数或不可数),两者的关系大致为:affect=have an effect on.如:
To affect a policy is to have an effect on it.影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。The news did not affect her at all.=The news had no effect on her at all.这条消息对她没有一点影响。注:effect 有时虽用作动词(及物),但不表示“影响”,而表示“实现”或“产生”等。如:
They effected their escape in the middle of the night.他们半夜逃脱了。
He effected great changes in the company.他使公司发生了巨大的变化。
区别二:influence 表示“影响”,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。可用作动词(及物)或名词(通常不可数,但有时可连用不定冠词)。如:
What you read influences your thinking.你读的东西对你的思想有影响。
Television has a strong influence on people.电视对人有很大的影响。
It‘s clear that her painting has been influenced by Picao.她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。
aloud, loud, loudly的用法区别 1.aloud的用法
aloud 只用作副词,不用作形容词,注意以下用法:
(1)强调“出声”,即把话说出来,而不是在心里默默地“说”,通常与动词 read,speak,think 等动词连用。如: read aloud 朗读 think aloud 自言自语地说
(2)表示“大声地”,通常与动词 cry,laugh,shout,call 等动词连用,如:
The boy is crying aloud.这男孩子在大声哭。She called aloud for help.她大声呼救。2.lould的用法
loud 表示“大声”或“响亮”,可用作形容词和副词:
(1)用作形容词。如:
He has a loud voice.他嗓子大。
The music is too loud; please turn it down.这音乐太吵人了,请把音量关小一点。
(2)用作副词(与 loudly 同义),一般只与动词 speak,talk,laugh,sing 等连用,且必须放在这些动词之后。如: I can‘t hear you,please speak louder.我听不见,请说大声些。3.loudly的用法
loudly 只用作副词(与用作副词的 loud 同义)。如: Don‘t talk so loudly [loud].别这么大声讲话。
注:loudly 比用作副词的 loud 使用范围更广,它除与 speak,talk,laugh 等动词连用外,还可与其他表示声响的动词连用,且可以放在这些动词之前或之后。如: The man snored loudly.这个人鼾声打得响。
He heard a cocklock loudly crow.他听见雄鸡大声啼叫。
另外,在用于比较级或最高级时,通常用 loud,而不用 loudly.如:
Who laughed loudest? 谁笑的声音最大?
in the air与on the air 1.in the air 在空中;在流传中;渺茫。如: Birds fly in the air.鸟在空中飞。There was thunder in the air.天上打着雷。The plan is quite(up)in the air.计划还相当渺茫。Look,hold it uP in the air like this.看着,像这样把它举在空中。
2.on the air 在广播中。如:
The show is on the air.演出正在转播。
I heard the news on the air.我在广播中听到了这条消息。
What‘s on the air this evening? 今晚有什么广播节目? The show is on the air at seven o‘clock.这次演出七点钟播出。
until与till的用法区别
用作介词或连词,意为“直到(„„为止”,两者常可换用,只是 until 比 till 稍正式,所以在正式文体中,一般用 until,而在口语或非正式文体中则两者都可用。从其后所接成分来看,till多与名词或较短的从句连用,而较长较复杂的成分多用 until,位于句首时也多用 until.两者在用法上应注意以下几点: 1.相关主句谓语必须是持续性动词,若是终止性动词,则应为否定式(因为终止性动词一旦被否定就成为状态,便可持续)。如:
We waited until [till] he came.我们一直等到他来。We didn‘t leave until [till] he came.直到他来我们才走。
2.引导时间状语从句时,其谓语要用现在时表示将来意义。如:
I won‘t leave until he comes back tomorrow.我要等他明天回来再走。
3.有时其后可跟副词、介词短语或从句等。如: He has been ill until recently.他最近一直生病。She didn‘t return until after twelve o’clock.直到 12 点过后她才回来。
They didn‘t reach the station until after the train had left.直到火车开走之后,他们才到达车站。
Until when are you going to stay here? 你在这儿要待到什么时候?
before long与long before 1.before long 的意断是“不久,很快”。如: I‘ll be back before long.不久我就回来。Before long he got married.不久他就结婚了。2.long before有两个用法:
(1)老早,早就(单独使用,表示比过去某时早得多的时间)。如:
She had left long before.她老早就离开了。That had happened long before.那事老早就发生了。
注:long ago 表示“很久以前”,•指的是从现在算起的很久以前,通常与一般过去时连用:
I met him long ago.我很久以前就认识他了。
(2)在„„的很久以前,在还没有„„的很久以前。如: She had left long before his return [he returned].在他回来的很久以前她就走了。
He had worked in the factory long before he got married.在他还没有结婚的很久以前他就在这家工厂工作了。注:此时的主句谓语通常用过去完成时,但有时也可用一般过去时(因为 before 已体现了动作的先后关系)。如: This happened long before you were born.这事在你还没出生以前很久就发生了。
另外注意以下句式:
It is [was,will be] long before„„在„„前需要很久。如:
It was long before he came back.过了好久他才回来。It won‘t be long before we see each other.不久我们又会见面的。
比较:
It wasn‘t long before he realized his mistake./ Before long he realized his mistake.不久他意识到了自己的错误。同义词辨析agree with, agree to和agree on 辨析agree with,agree to和agree on
(1)agree with的意思是“同意”,“赞成”。后面常接表示人或意见(看法)的名词或代词作宾语。如: Does she agree with us?她同意我们的意见吗? None of us agree with what you said.我们没有一个人同意你讲的话。
(2)agree with还有“与„„一致”,“(气候、食物等)适合”的意思。如:
His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。Too much meat doesn‘t agree with her.吃太多食物对她身体不合适。
注意:agree with不能用于被动语态。
(3)agree to意为“同意”,“赞成”,后面跟表示“提议”,“办法”,“计划”,“安排”等的名词或代词。如: Please agree to this arrangement.请同意这个安排。This plan has now been agreed to.这个计划已经被认可了。
(4)agree on表示“对„„取得一致意见”,指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或是达成了某种协议。如: After discuion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire.经过讨论,双方就停火问题达成了协议。They all agree on the matter.他们在这个问题上意见一致。
besides,but,except 的用法辨析
1.基本区别
三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有„„”;而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有„„”。如: Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him.除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife.除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除„„之外不再有„„ ”,与but,except 同义。如:
No one paed the exam besides [except] Jim.除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。
2.关于 but 与 except(1)两者都可表示“除„„外不再有„„”,但含义上略有差别:but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
All are here but one.除一个人都到了。All are here except one.还有一个人没到。
(2)在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
① no,no one,nobody,nothing,nowhere 等
② any,anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere 等
③ every,everyone,everybody,everything,everywhere 等
④ all,none 等
⑤ who,what,where 等
Everyone knows it but you.除你之外大家都知道。I haven't told anybody but you.除你之外,我没告诉任何人。No one but he [him] showed much interest in it.除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较:
正:The window is never opened except in summer.除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
误:The window is never opened but in summer.(3)but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
除我之外每个人都累了。
正:Everyone is tired but(except)me.正:Everyone but(except)me is tired.误:But(Except)me,everyone is tired.注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
正:Except for me,everyone is tired.3.关于 except 与 except for:
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如: All compositions are well written except yours.除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。4.关于 except for 与 but for:
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:
Except for me,everyone paed the exam.除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
But for my help,she would not have paed the exam.若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
But for the atmosphere plants would die.如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。5.besides的其他用法
besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如: I don't want to go; besides,I'm too tired.我不想去,而且我也太累了。
This car belongs to Smith,and he has two others besides.这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。
副词辨析fairly,quite,rather,very,pretty
这几个词都可表示程度,用法区别如下: 含义上的区别
(1)fairly 语气最轻,尽管经常与褒义词连用,但由于语气较弱,往往不带明显的恭维或赞赏,通常译为“还算”、“相当”。比如要说某部电影 fairly good,指的可能是还勉强过得去,只是没有否定。
(2)quite 语气稍重,意为“颇”或“相当”。要是说某一部电影quite good,那是说这部电影相当不错,虽不是最好,但至少值得看。
(3)rather 或 pretty 在语气上又稍重一点,意为“十分”或“相当”(pretty 不如 rather 正式)。要是说某一部电影 rather / pretty good,指的是这电影相当不错,语气比较重,意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料地好。两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用。与褒义词连用,表示一种愉快的心情;与贬义(包括中性)词连用,表示一种不赞成或不满意的心情。如:a rather [pretty] good play 相当好的戏rather [pretty] poor work 相当差的工作
(4)very 语气最强,意为“很”或“非常”。要是说某一部电影very good,这是说这部电影很不错,算得上是精品之作。
这些词语气的轻重可大致描述为:(not)→ fairly → quite → rather / pretty → very 用法上的差别
(1)以上各词中,只有 rather 可以与比较级以及副词 too(太)连用。如:It‘s rather warmer today.今天暖和多了。This one is rather too large.这个稍大了一点。
注:quite 有时也与比较级连用,但通常只限于 quite better(身体好)这一表达中。
(2)rather 和 quite 有时可直接修饰动词,而其他几个副词一般不这样用。如:I quite agree with you.我完全同意你(的意见)。We rather like the book.我们很喜欢这本书。
(3)rather,quite 与“冠词+形容词+名词”连用时,通常置于冠词之前,有时也可放在冠词之后。但遇此类似情况,very 或 fairly 则只能放在冠词之后(形容词之前)。如:It‘s quite /rather a good idea./ It’s a quite/rather good idea.那可真是个好主意。
注:若此结构中没有形容词,则 quite 和 rather 则只能放在冠词之前。如:It was quite [rather] a succe.那事相当成功。
(4)修饰不可分级的形容词(如:right,wrong,ready,full,empty,perfect,impoible,alone,unique 等,通常只用 quite,此时quite 并不表示“相当”或“很”,而表示“完全”。如:You‘re quite right(wrong)。你完全正确(错了)。
That‘s quite impoible.那完全不可能
either...or和neither...nor的用法区别
一、either„„or„„ either„„or„„意为“或者„„或者„„;不是„„就是„„”之意。表示两者之一,连接句子中两个并列的成分。例如:
When the girl is happy,she either sings or dances.那个女孩高兴时,不是唱就是跳。(此句中either„„or„„连接两个动词,因为主语是单数第三人称,谓语动词要用其相应的形式。)
either„„or„„连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就是我们通常说的“就近原则”.例如:
Either you or I am going there tomorrow.明天要么你去那里,要么我去那里。
注意:如果把上句变成一般疑问句,助动词形式与主语you保持一致,所以要用are提问,而不是am.例如:
Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你还是我去那里?
Either you or he has lunch at school.其一般疑问句应为:Do either you or he have lunch at school? 是你还是他在学校吃午饭? 若要对either„„or„„句型进行否定时,只需把either„„or„„换成neither„„nor„„即可。例如: Either you or she is good at drawing.变为否定句应为:Neither you nor she is good at drawing.你和她都不擅长绘画。
我们还可以单独使用either,其意为“两者中的任何一个”.例如:
There are many shops on either side of the street.街道两边有许多商店。
或:There are many shops on both sides of the street.在街道两边有许多商店。
either用在否定句的句末,表示“也”的意思。例如: If you don't go there.I won't,either.如果你不去那里,我也不去。
二、neither„„nor„„
neither„„nor„„表示“既不„„也不„„”.其含义是否定的,可连接任意两个并列的成份。例如: She likes neither butter nor cheese.她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪。此句中neither„„nor„„连接两个宾语。当neither„„nor„„连接两个主语时,也应遵循“就近原则”.例如:
Neither dad nor mum is at home today.今天父母都不在家。
若将neither„„nor„„句型变为肯定句,只需把neither„„nor„„改为both„„and„„即可,同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。例如:
Both dad and mum are at home today.今天父母都在家。
还可以单独使用neither作主语,表示“两者中没有一个”.例如:
Neither of them likes football.他们俩都不喜欢足球。neither或nor还有另外一种用法,就是当表达一个人没有做某事,另一个人也没做同一类事时,可用neither或nor进行简略回答,其结构为:Neither / Nor+助动词 / 情态动词 / be动词+主语。例如:
He doesn't go to school by bike.Neither / Nor do I.他不是骑自行车上学,我也不是。They didn't go to the park yesterday.Neither / Nor did we.昨天他们没去公园,我们也没去。[更多例句] either you come in person,or you entrust someone with the matter你要么自己来,要么就托人办理这件事in a position like this one can neither stand up nor lie down处在这样的位置,一个人既不能站直,也不能躺倒
You can come either on Monday or Sunday.You can speak either English or hinese Either you are mad,or I am(要么你疯了,要么我疯了
I can neither speak nor write French =Neither can I speak French nor can I write it You can come either on Monday or on Tuesday.you or I am going swimming tomorrow.I can neither read nor write=I can't read or write.It is neither hot nor cold in winter here.这里冬天既不热也不冷。
There is neither river nor stream nearby.附近既无河流也没小溪。He does not do it,nor does he try.他没有做,也没尝试一下。
She can't get there at four,nor can I.她不能在四点钟到那里,我也不能。
He doesn't like sports,nor do I.such…that…和so…that…的用法区别
such„that„和so„that„
such„that„与so„that„都可以用来引导结果状语从句,意为“如此„„以致„„”
(1)such是形容词,它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可以不带。如果其后是单数可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a或an.因此,such„that„的句型结构可分为以下三种:
①such+a(n)(+adj.)+单数可数名词+that从句。如: She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her.她是一位很好的老师,我们都敬爱她。Table tennis is such an interesting game that people all over the world play it.乒乓球是一项很有趣的运动,以致全世界的人都参加这项运动。
②such(+adj.)+复数可数名词+that从句。如: They are such interesting books that I want to read them once more.这些书非常有趣,我想再读一遍。
③such(adj.)+不可数名词+that从句。如:
It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.天气太坏,以致我不得不呆在家里。
(2)so是副词,与形容词或副词连用,其结构是:so+adj.(adv.)+that从句。如:
He ran so fast that I couldn‘t catch up with him.他跑得那么快,我赶不上他。
I am so sleepy that I can hardly keep my eyes open.我太瞌睡了,眼睛几乎睁不开了。
注意:
①当名词前面有many,much,few,little等表示数量多少的限定词时,应该用so,而不能用such.如: There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building.街上围观大火的人太多了,消防队员无法靠近大楼„„
②当单数名词前有形容词时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词的位置却有所不同。如:
This is such an important meeting that you should attend it.(=This is so important a meeting that you should attend it.)这是一次很重要的会议,你一定要参加。
cost,spend,take的用法区别
一、根据主语辨析
虽然三者均可表示“花费”,但所用主语不同:cost 的主语通常是事或物(包括形式主语 it),不能是人;spend 的主语只能是人,不能是事或物;take 的主语可以是事或物(包括形式主语 it),也可以是人。如:
The computer cost(me)$2000.这台电脑花了(我)2000 美元。
It costs $1000 a year to run a car.使用一辆车每年要花1000美元。I have spent all day looking for you.我花了一整天找你。
It took me an hour to write the letter.我写这封信花了一个小时。
The letter took me an hour(to write)。(译文同上)I took an hour to write the letter.(译文同上)
注:若 cost 不是表示“花费”,而是表示客观上地或被动地“耗费”,则也可用人作主语。如:
Smokers cost the government a lot of money every year.抽烟的人每年要耗费政府不少钱。
二、根据宾语辨析
cost 的宾语通常是钱,take 的宾语通常是时间,而 spend 的宾语则可以是时间或钱。如:
How much did it cost to build the bridge? 建这座桥花了多少钱?
It took her two hours to walk to the station.走路去车站花了她两小时。He spends much time(money)on books.他花了很多时间读(钱买)书。
注:cost 有时也用于时间,但通常只用于笼统时间(一般不用于具体明确的时间)。如:
Making experiments like this costs much time and labour.做这样的实验要花很多时间和劳力。
按传统语法,take 的宾语通常是时间,但在现代英语中,用钱作其宾语的现象已很普遍。如:
It takes a lot of money to buy a house.买一座房子要花一大笔钱。
三、根据句型辨析
从句型结构来看。三者的通常句型为: sth costs(sb)money 某物花某人多少钱
it costs(sb)money to do sth 做某事花某人多少钱 sb spends time(money)on sth 某人在某一方面花多少钱
sb spends time(money)in [on] doing sth 某人在做某事方面花多少钱 it takes sb time(money)to do sth = it takes time(money)for sb to do sth 做某事花某人多少时间或钱 sth takes sb time(money)to do 某事花某人多少时间或钱去做
sb takes time(money)to do 某人花多少时间或钱去做某事
四、根据语态辨析
三者在表示“花费”时,cost 不能用于被动语态,take 通常不用于被动语态,而 spend 则可以用于被动语态。如:
误:Thirty dollars was cost by the coat.误:Two hours was taken to do the work.正:Two hours was spent on the work.做这工作花了两个小时。
五、根据引申义辨析
三者均可用于比喻用法中,但含义不同:
1.cost 指付出代价(劳力、麻烦、精力、生命等)。如: Carele driving will cost you your life.粗心开车会要你的命。
Just ring him up.It‘ll cost you nothing.给他打个电话,这不费什么事。
2.spend 表示“消耗”“用完”。如:
I‘ll spend no more breath on him.我不会再和他费唇舌。
He spent great efforts to help me.他费了很大的劲儿来帮我。
3.take 表示需要人力(精力、劳力等)。如: It takes patience.做这工作需要耐心。
It takes two to make a quarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。It took three men to lift the box.抬这个箱子要 3 个人。
名词辨析cloth,clothes,clothing
◆cloth n.1.表示“布”、“衣料”,是不可数名词。如:She bought some cloth to make herself a dre.她买了些布要给自己做一件连衣裙。
再如:a piece of cloth(一块布),three yards of cloth(3码布),a roll of cloth(一卷布)等
2.表示用作某种特殊用途的布(如:桌布,台布,揩布等),是可数名词。如:Clean the windows with a soft cloth.用块软布擦窗子。
再如:a tablecloth(桌布),a dishcloth(洗碟布),a face cloth(洗脸毛巾)等。
◆clothes n.1.表示“衣服”,是一个没有单数形式的复数名词,其前不可加不定冠词,也不可加数词,但可用 some,these,those,many,few等词修饰。如:正:those clothes / few clothes / many clothes误:a clothes / two clothes / three clothes 2.可受定语修饰,表示不同用途的衣服。如:school clothes(校服),sports clothes(运动服),work(ing)clothes(工作服)等。3.表示一套衣服,通常借助 suit.如:a suit of clothes(一套衣服),two suits of clothes(二套衣服)等。
◆clothing n.1.表示“衣服”的总称,是一个不可数的集合名词。如:They wear very little clothing.他们衣服穿得很少。We need warm clothing for the winter.我们需要暖和的衣服过冬。
2.表示一件衣服,通常用 article.如:A coat is an article of clothing.上衣是一件衣服。
「注」有时也用 piece of,item of 等。如:three pieces [items] of clothing 三件衣服
含有what 的常用习语总结
1.So what? 那又怎么样?
If I say I won't go with you,so what? 如果我说不跟你一起去,那又怎么样? 2.What about? 有关什么呢?
—Could I have a word with him? —What about? He is busy now.——我可以同他谈谈吗?
——谈什么呢?他正忙着呢。
3.What about„„? 你认为„„怎么样?
What about going out for a walk? 出去散散步怎么样? 4.What for? 为什么?
—Do you happen to have twenty dollars with you?
—What for?
—I want to buy a reference book.——你身上有二十美元吗?
——干什么?
——我想买一本参考书。5.What then? 下一步怎么办?
We've finished this task at last and what then? 我们终于完成了这项任务,下一步怎么办? 6.What else? 还有别的什么? —He said he liked you very much.—What else?
——他说他很喜欢你。
——他还说了别的什么? 7.What if„„? 如果„„怎么办?
What if he comes here to ask for you tomorrow? 如果他明天来这儿要求见你怎么办? 8.and what not 等等;诸如此类
You had better take with you your shirts,shoes,caps and what not.你最好随身带上衬衫、鞋、帽子等诸如此类的物品。
9.what's more 加之;而且
He studies very hard,and what's more,he is ready to help others.他学习勤奋、刻苦,而且还乐于助人。10.what's worse 更糟糕的是 We were very tired at that time,and what's worse,it was raining heavily.那时我们已经精疲力竭了,更糟的是,天还下着大雨。
11.what's what事情的真相;事情的来龙去脉
I beg you to tell me what's what.我恳求你告诉我事情的真相。
12.what is called 所谓的Mary is what is called a modern girl.玛丽就是所谓的现代女孩。
13.What's up? 怎么啦?出了什么事了?
There are so many people standing there.What's up? 那么多人站在那里,出了什么事了?
14.I'll tell you what.我告诉你一个好主意。Don't be so worried.I'll tell you what.不要如此着急。我告诉你一个好主意。
especially,specially,particularly用法辨异
一、强调程度时当用于形容词或副词前,强调程度(通常译为“特别”)时,三者都可用。如: It is particularly [especially,specially] cold today.今天特别冷。
I was feeling particularly [especially,specially] tired this evening.今天晚上我特别累。
有时还可修饰动词。如:
I especially [particularly,specially] want to see that film.我特别想看那部电影。
二、强调目的时当用于强调目的(意为“特意”,“专门”)时,通常用 specially 或 especially,一般与表目的的不定式或介词 for 短语连用。如:
I was asked specially to meet her.特意要我去接她。We bought it specially [especially] for you.这是我们特意为你买的。
The book is written especially [specially] for children.这本书是专门为孩子们写的。
三、表示列举时当用于陈述某一事实之后,列举一个具有代表性的例子作进一步强调时,一般用 especially,有时也用 particularly,其后可接名词、介词短语、从句等。如: We want to invite some friends,especially Jim and John.我们想邀请几个朋友,尤其是吉姆和约翰。
Noise is unpleasant,especially when you‘re trying to sleep.噪音是令人不愉快的,尤其是当你想入睡的时候。The children enjoyed watching the animals,especially [particularly] the monkeys.孩子们喜欢观看动物,尤其是猴子。
alive,living与live的区别
三者均可表示“活着的”,区别如下:
1.alive 主要用作表语(有时可用作后置定语,但不用作前置定语),可用于人或动物。如:
He must be still alive.他一定还活着。
He‘s the happiest man alive.他世上最幸福的人。注:若 alive 本身有修饰语,则也可用作前置定语。如: He is a really alive student.他的确是一个十分活跃的学生。
2.living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。如: Are your grandparents still living? 你的祖父母还健在吗?
Both plants and animals are living things.动物和植物都是生物。
alive 和 living 表示“活着的”,两者含义很接近,只要句法适合,有时可互换。如:谁是当代最伟大的诗人?
正:Who is the greatest living poet?
正:Who is the greatest poet alive?
若需严格区分,两者仍有差别:living 通常是客观描述某人“尚在人间”或“健在”,而 alive 则主要指生与死的“界限”。如:
He was still alive when I reached the hospital.当我赶到医院时他还活着。
3.live 通常只用作定语(前置),可用于动物或植物,但一般不用于人。如:
He bought some live fish.他买了几条活鱼。
Only a few live trees were left after the fire.火灾之后只剩下几棵树还活着。whatever,whoever,whichever引导名词性从句
一、基本用法概说
英语中的-ever 词主要包括 whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however 等,其中可引导名词性从句的主要有whatever,whoever,whichever.这里所说的名词性从句主要指主语从句和宾语从句,它们通常不用于引导同位语从句,同时也很少用于引导表语从句。如:
Whatever he said was right.无论他说什么都是对的。(引导主语从句)
I don‘t believe whatever he said.无论他说什么我都不信。(引导宾语从句)
在某些特定的语境中,也可用于引导表语从句。如: What he wants to get is whatever you have.他想得到的是你所拥有的一切。
二、whatever引导的名词性从句
whatever的意思是“所„„的一切事或东西”,可视为what的强调说法,其含义大致相当于anything that,whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语。如: Do whatever she tells you and you‘ll have peace.她叫你干什么你就干什么,那你就太平了。
I don‘t believe in letting children do whatever they like.我不赞成让孩子为所欲为。
Goats eat whatever food they can find.山羊找到什么食物就吃什么食物。
三、whoever引导的名词性从句
whoever的意思“任何„„的人”,在意义上大致相当于 anybody who.whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语。如: I‘ll take whoever wants to go.谁想去我就带谁去。Whoever says that is a liar.说那话的人是个骗子。She can marry whoever she chooses.她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。I‘ll give the ticket to whoever wants it.谁想要这票,我就把它给谁。
Tell whoever you like — it makes no difference to me.你爱告诉谁就告诉谁吧,对我是无所谓的。注:whoever既用作主语也可用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever,因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。另外,注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子:谁赢了都可以获奖。
误:Who wins can get a prize.误:Anyone wins can get a prize.正:Whoever wins can get a prize.正:Anyone who wins can get a prize.四、whichever引导的名词性从句
whichever的意思“„„的那个人或事物”,在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that.whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语或定语。如:You can pick whichever one you like.你喜欢哪个就挑哪个。
Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize.你们谁第一谁就能得奖。
We‘ll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table.哪个饭馆有空桌我们就在哪儿吃吧。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.我们当中无论哪个先到家,哪个就先开始做饭。
五、引导状语从句的用法 whatever,whoever,whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外,还可用于引导状语从句,分别相当于 no matter what,no matter who,no matter which.如:I‘ll stand by you whatever [=no matter what] happens.无论如何我都支持你。
Whoever [=No matter who] wants to speak to me on the phone,tell them I‘m busy.不管谁要我接电话,就说我现在正忙。
Whichever [=No matter which] you buy,there is a six-month guarantee.不管买哪个都有六个月的保修期。
no one,nobody与none的用法区别
1、no one=nobody,两者均只能指人不指物,其后通常不接of短语,作主语时谓语用单数;而none 既可指人也可指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指可数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体):
No one [Nobody] likes it.没人喜欢它。None of the food was left.一点食物都没留下。None of the books is [are] interesting.没有一本书有趣。
2、none 往往暗示有一定的范围(这种范围通常就表现在其后的of短语上),而 no one 或 nobody 则不暗示这种范围(同时也不接表范围的of短语)。比较:
“Did any of your friends come to see you?” “None.” “你的朋友当中有谁来看过你吗?” “一个也没来。”(None为None of my friends之略)
“Did anyone come to see you?”“No one.” “有人来看过你吗?”“谁也没来。”
3、none 有时暗示一种数量,即指数量上“一个也没有”,而 no one 或 nobody 则往往表示一种全面否定,即指“谁都没有”,所以在回答 how many 或 how much 的提问时,通常用 none,而在回答 who 的提问时,通常用 no one 或 nobody.-ed形容词和-ing形容词的用法区别
原则上说,由-ed分词转化来的形容词表被动含义,由-ing分词转化来的形容词表主动含义:
a broken heart 破碎的心(=a heart that has been broken)an interesting book 有趣的书(=a book which interests readers)falling leaves 下落的树叶(=leaves that are falling)Everyone was moved by the moving story.大家都被这个感人的故事感动了。
You may be worried if you have worrying problem.假若你有一个令人担忧的问题,你可能感到担忧。
关于-ed形容词和-ing形容词的用法,有的人认为-ed形容词只用于人,-ing形容词只用于物,此说法尽管对读者来说记忆方便,而且在许多情况下也是可行的,但由于说得太绝对,在许多情况下却是不可靠的。
如-ing 形容词用于人的情况就比比皆是:假若你的老师说话幽默、讲课生动,那么不仅他的课非常interesting,而且你会说他是一个 interesting man(有趣的人)。比较: I‘m interested in interesting people.我对有趣的人感兴趣。
He was worried about his worrying son.他为他令人担忧的儿子感到担忧。
He was annoyed with the annoying person.他对这个讨厌的人很生气。另一方面,-ed 形容词用于指物的情况也不少见。比较并体会: a frightened look 害怕的表情(指带有这种“表情”的人感到害怕)
a frightening look 吓人的表情(指这种“表情”令人害怕)
an excited talk 心情激动的谈话(指“谈话”的人心情激动)
an exciting talk 令人激动的谈话(指听“谈话”的人心情激动)
「注」并不是所有-ed 形容词都表被动,有的-ed可能表示完成或其他意义:
fallen leaves 落叶,an escaped prisoner 逃犯,a learned profeor 博学的教授,an aged man 老人。
neither…nor…的用法
neither„nor„,其意为“既不„也不„”、“„和„都不”: I have neither time nor money.我既无时间又无钱。I neither smoke nor drink.我既不抽烟也不喝酒。He neither knows nor cares what happened.他对所发生的事不闻不问。
This is neither my fault nor yours.这既不怪我,也不怪你。
「注」通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致:Mary neither likes maths nor(likes)history.玛丽既不喜欢数学也不喜欢历史。Neither Jim and Jack was at home.吉姆和杰克都不在家。
但在非正式文体中也可一律用复数:Neither Jim and Jack were at home.吉姆和杰克都不在家。
have been to和have gone to的区别
两者均可后接地点,前者表示去过某地,通常可与表示次数的状语连用;后者表示到某地去了,强调说话的当时去某地的人不在场。如:
1.have been to
用例:
He has been to Paris three times.他去过巴黎三次。They have been to the zoo.他们到动物园去了。The children have gone to play in the park.孩子们到公园玩耍去。
2.have gone to
用例:
He has gone to Paris.他去巴黎了。Everyone has gone home.大家都回家去了。He has gone to see her uncle.他去看他叔叔了。She has gone to the cinema with her boyfriend.她与男朋友看电影去了。
It seems that / as if...用法举例辨析
此句型实质上是“主+系+表”结构。其中it是人称代词,并无实意,指的是某种情况,seems为系动词,that / as if 引导表语从句。
一、It seems that „表示“看起来„„”。
强调根据一定的事实所得出的一种接近于实际情况的判断,可以说表示事实。(可以转换成“名词或代词 + seem +动词不定式”句型,其意不变,如果动词不定式为to be + 形容词时,to be往往省略。)
It seems that it is more difficult for women to get to the top of the company.妇女似乎更难提升到公司的最高职位。
It seems that no one knows what has happened in the park.(No one seems to know what has happened in the park.)似乎没有人知道在公园里发生了什么事。
It seems to me that he has known everything.(He seems to have known everything)在我看来他似乎什么事都知道了。
It seems to me that Mr.White will not come again.依我看,怀特先生不会再来了。
It seems that she is happy.她似乎很高兴。
It seems that he likes his new job.他看起来很喜欢他的新工作。
It seems that they don't like the idea.他们似乎不喜欢这个主意。
It seems that he is lying.看来他在撒谎。
二、It seems as if...也表示“看起来„„,似乎„„”。
使用该句型表示可能:若从句表示的是很可能实现的事情,从句谓语用陈述语气;若从句表示的是与事实相反的假设或实现的可能性很小的事情时,则从句谓语要用虚拟语气。
1、从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气来表示所设想的事情不真实或不可能发生/存在。
It seems as if she had read this novel.看来她好像看过这本小说。
It seems as if it were autumn.现在仿佛是秋天似的。
It seems as if it were spring already.似乎春天已经来了。
It seems as if he knew everything.好像他什么都知道似的。
It seems as if she had been to England.好像她到过英国似的。
It seems as if they had never seen each other before.仿佛他们以前从未见过面。
It seems as if he were in a dream.看来他像是在做梦。
It seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all he knew at this last leon.这个好心人仿佛要在最后这一堂课上把他的全部知识教给我们。
2、如果可能性很大则用陈述语气,或者句中的情况可能发生或可能被设想为真实,则仍然用陈述语气。
It seems as if our team is going to win.看来我们队要胜了。
It seems as if he has learned by heart a speech written by someone else.看来他像是背了一篇由别人写的演讲稿。
It seems as if he has been at the scene of the crime似乎他好像在犯罪现场。
It seems as if it is going to rain.(It seems to rain)看来天要下雨了。
It seems that she is ill.她似乎病了。
It seems that it is going to rain.仿佛天要下雨。
It seems as if Ken will win the race.看上去肯好像能赢。
It seems as if our team is going to win. 看来我们队要胜了。
3、as if还可用于其它动词之后或省略句中。
(as if引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构,可省略主语和系动词,只剩下名词、不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语或分词。)
She looks as if she were ten years younger.她看起来好像年轻了十岁。
You look as if you didn’t care.你看上去好像并不在乎。
He talks as if he knew where she was.他说话的样子,好像他知道她在哪里似的。
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。
The girl listened as if she had been turned to stone.那女孩倾听着,一动也不动,像已经变成了石头似的。
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.他张开嘴好像要说什么。
It looks as if it might snow.看来好像要下雪了。
Tom raised his hands as if(he was going)to say something.汤姆举起手好像要说什么。
She left the room hurriedly as if(she was)angry.她匆忙离开房间好像生气的样子。
He acts as if(he were)a fool. 他做事像个傻子。
no more than及其相似结构用法归纳
一、no more than 与 not more than
1.no more than 的意思是“仅仅”“只有”“最多不超过”,强调少。如:
This test takes no more than thirty minutes.这个测验只要30分钟。
The pub was no more than half full.该酒吧的上座率最多不超过五成。
For thirty years,he had done no more than he(had)needed to.30年来,他只干了他需要干的工作。
2.not more than 为 more than(多于)的否定式,其意为“不多于”“不超过”。如:
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