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美国文学选读复习资料
the settlement of North American continent by English started in the early 17th century.Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World—a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England.Puritanism, however was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincidentwith the founding of New Zealand;it was also a way of being in the world—a style of response to lived experience—that has reverberated through American life ever since.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.American Romanticism
The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.• Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)
• For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than
reason and common sense.• They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,against authority.• The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and
expre his own inner thoughts.New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;
Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper The Spy(1821)The Leatherstocking Tales(1823—1841)
The Pilot(1824)The Red Rover(1827)
Washington Irving（“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” “Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of ChristopherColumbus ”）
American Transcendentalism
In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-claic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new paion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Transcendentalism
① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.② The Transcendentalists streed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual is the most important element of Society.③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was not purely matter.It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Writers
Emerson’s：Nature；Self-Reliance；The American Scholar；The Over-soul；
H.D.Thoreau：Walden
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Walt Whitman：Leaves of Gra Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I could
not stop for Death
William Faulkner(1897-19621949 Nobel price
As I Lay Dying(1930)
Light in the August(1932)
Absalom, Absalom(1936)
Go Down Moses(1942)
Ernest Hemingway
Iceberg Principle(Theory)
“grace under preure”
Major Works:
The Sun Also Rises 1926(Jake Barnes)
A Farewell to Arms 1928(a tragic story about war and love)(Frederic Henry and
Catherine Barkley)
For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940(Spanish civil war)(Robert Jordan)
The Old Man and the Sea 1952(Santiago)
Herman Melville
代表作：白鲸Moby DickOther Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter
Moes from an Old Manse;Twice-Told Tales;The Marble Faun;The House of the
Seven Gables
Realism
As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism
with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and
sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the
American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.local colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late
19th(1860s—1870s).The feature of local colorism are:(1)presenting a locale
distinguished from the outside world;(2)describing the exotic of the picturesque;
(3)glorifying the past;(4)showing things as they are;(5)influence of setting on
characters.The well known local colorism authors were Mark Twain with his book
Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Bret Harte’s with his The
Luck of the Roaring Camp.American naturalists accepted the more negative
interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior
of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or le complex
combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic
forces.2)naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing
becomes le serious and le sympathetic but more ironic and more peimistic.It is
no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human
existence.3>Dreiser with his Sister Carrie is a leading figure of his school.1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct
treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record
exactly the momentary impreions”
Three main principles of the Imagist Movement(1912):
[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects
[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does
not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the
sequence of a metronome.4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known
poem.The Modern Period
Part I The 1920s-1930s(the second renaiance of American literature)
l The Roaring Twenties(economically)
l The Jazz Age(socially)
l“lost” and “waste land”(spiritually)
There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural
sciences.Darwinism(Darwin), Socialism(Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis(Sigmund Freud)
The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the
post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of
betrayal and emptine brought about by the destructivene of the war.2>full of
youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank exceively, had
love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three
best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and
John dos Paos.The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers
and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s.the member of the beat generation
were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes mey,creativity.The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non conformity and for its non conforming style.The major writing are jack Kerouac’s on the road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl.American Dream
The is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity.These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been paed on to subsequent generations.The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America.IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the “mental pictures” that readers experience with a paage of literature.It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor.Puritanism
American Puritanism was practice and belief of Puritans.Puritans were the people who wanted to purify the Church of England and then were persecuted in England.They came to America for various reasons.But because they were a group of serious and religious people, they carried a code of value and a philosophy of life.To them, religion was the most important thing.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement for God’s grace.They also believed in hard working, piety and sobriety.In a word, American Puritanism exerted great influences upon American thought and literature.
It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They streed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement fro......
1.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined......
1.风"：学习文学史。原指音乐。《诗经》中有十五国风，即是指各地不同的音乐；"雅"：指雅正之声，指周王朝京畿地域的音乐；"颂"：是一种宗庙祭奠用的舞曲。2.《诗经》：中国第一部诗歌......
1.American Puritanismit comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestina......
1、黑色幽默──当代美国文学中的重要流派，因1965•年美国作家弗里德曼辑印小说片断集《黑色幽默》而得名，又云黑色喜剧、•病态幽默0 。此派深受存在主义哲学的影响，往往通过......
