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马丁路德金日
在美国，每年一月的第三个星期一是“马丁路德金日”，纪念黑人民权领袖马丁路德金。
美国1861年的内战，虽然解放了黑奴，但美国的种族隔离仍然持续，尤其在南部，黑人不能入读白人学校、不能在招待白人的餐厅进餐、不能乘坐同一辆公共汽车、或必须让座给白人。北部情况较佳，但黑人的待遇仍然很差。美国的黑人在1950年代，展开争取民权的运动。南部一名黑人女人拒绝让座给白人而被捕的事件，激起持续的抗议行动。当时在教会当传道人的马丁路德金（Martin Luther King），亦投入争取黑人民权运动的行列。
1963年8月28日，25万人响应马丁路德金的号召，在美国首都华盛顿游行，争取立法保障黑人的权利。马丁路德金在林肯纪念馆前的石阶，对群众发表著名的「我有一个梦想」（I have a Dream）演说，希望白人和黑人有一天可平等地生活在一起。
马丁路德金曾访问印度，终身视印度圣雄甘地为偶像，认同甘地以和平抗争的手法争取民权，马丁路德金于1964年，获得诺贝尔和平奖。
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印度圣雄甘地
弗洛伊德说人性中的本我蕴藏着攻占与暴力的性格，也因此人际间充斥着争端与仇恨，但是沉着冷静者的特质是绝不以暴力解决争端，印度圣雄甘地（Gandhi）不仅服膺此理念，且终其一生为消弭暴力而奉献，最后甚至牺牲生命试图化解印度与巴基斯坦的冲突。
这位生长于阶级制度的完人，一生不断面对令人难以忍受的非理性待遇，然而他每回在紧要关头所展现的沉着冷静风格，特别值得我们效法。
临危不乱者通常充满自信，他们能择善固执、坚持原则，甘地于青少年时期即显露这样的个性，他不顾宗族领袖威胁不得赴英留学否则将逐出族门的警告，仍排除万难于十八岁时毅然赴英修习法律。有回甘地在实行种族隔离的南非买了头等票，就在对号入座时，被列车长以印度人不得入头等厢为由请出，当甘地坚拒此项无理要求，车长竟将其行李抛出车外，有一次甚至遭列车人员拳打脚踢，甘地被打得紧缩在地而未还手。
这位坚持非暴力的实践者不愿还手的原因并非屈服于暴力威胁，相反的是，他亲身体验自己的国人在如此屈辱的环境下生存而毫无招架之力，因而展开了为印度人在南非争取公平、合理的反抗运动，甘地因此成为印度的民族英雄。除了在海外为国人争取权益外，甘地在印度脱离英国殖民统治上也扮演了举足轻重的角色。他在争取独立运动的过程中，经常率领示威者在街头游行，英国军警不时以蛮横手段阻挠、殴打示威人群，每当遇到混乱状况，甘地总提醒参与者要保持镇定，即便被打甚至被捕也绝不动手反击，但游行队伍必须坚持前进，不得退缩。在一连串的不合作、非暴力运动后，甘地终于带领印度重获独立与自由。
这位生于乱世的圣者总以宽容及冷静的态度待人处事，他曾说：“我们应向真爱及真理迈进，人生才有价值，生命才有意义，而通往真理之路除了要以爱宽恕他人外，也必须不断地与苦难、挫折搏斗，如果没有超然的耐心与毅力就绝难克服这些障碍。”
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1968年4月4日，马丁路德金被行刺，一颗子弹夺去了他仅39岁的生命。不过马丁路德金的理念已深植美国人心底，无数群众，包括白人、黑人，扶老携幼，唱起“We Shall Overcome”，和平地纪念他的逝世。
We Shall Overcome试听
歌手：We Shall Overcome 专辑：《We Shall Overcome CD-1》
歌词：《We Shall Overcome-Pete Seeger》
* We shall overcome We shall overcome
We shall overcome some day oh deep in my heart
I do believe We shall overcome some day *
We''ll walk hand in hand We''ll walk hand in hand
We''ll walk hand in hand some day oh deep in my heart
I do believe we''ll walk hand in hand some day
We shall all be free We shall all be free
We shall all be free some day on deep in my heart
I do believe we shall overcome some day
We are not afraid We are not afraid
We are not afraid some day on deep in my heart
I do believe we shall overcome some day
We are not alone We are not alone
We are not alone some day on deep in my heart
I do believe we shall overcome some day
The whole wide world around The whole wide world around
The whole wide world around some day oh deep in my heart
I do believe we shall overcome some day
Repeat *
DR.MARTIN LUTHER KING DAY
(Third Monday in January)
The following is an excerpt from the speech entitled “I Have a Dream,” delivered by Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963.“We will not resort to violence.We will not degrade ourselves with hatred.Love will not be returned with hate.”
(Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.)
It was December, 1955, and Martin Luther King, Jr.had just received his doctorate degree in theology（神学）.He had moved to Montgomery（蒙哥马利）, Alabama to preach at a Baptist church.He saw there, as in many other southern states, that African-Americans had to ride in the back of public buses.Dr.King knew that this law violated the rights of every African-American.He organized and led a boycott（联合抵制）of the public
buses in the city of Montgomery.Any person, black or white, who was against segregation（种族隔离）refused to use public transportation.Those people who boycotted were threatened or attacked by other people, or even arrested or jailed by the police.After 382 Days of boycotting the bus system, the Supreme Court（最高法院）declared that the Alabama state segregation law was unconstitutional.African-Americans were not only segregated on buses throughout the south.Equal housing was denied to them, and seating in many hotels and restaurants was refused.In 1957, Dr.King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference（南
方基督教领导会议）and moved back to his home town of Atlanta, Georgia.This was the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement（民权运动）.In the years following, he continued to organize non-violent protests against unequal treatment of African-American people.His philosophy remained peaceful, and he constantly reminded his followers that their fight would be victorious if they did not resort to bloodshed（流血）.Nonethele（尽管如此）, he and his demonstrators were often threatened and attacked.Demonstrations which began peacefully often ended up in violence, and he and many others were often arrested.On August 23, 1963, a crowd of more than 250,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C.and marched to the Capitol Building（国会大厦）to support the paing of laws that guaranteed every American equal civil rights.Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.was at the front of the “March on Washington.” On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial（林肯纪念堂）that day, Dr.King delivered a speech that was later entitled “I Have a Dream.” The March was one of the largest gatherings of black and white people that the nation's capital had ever seen...and no violence occurred.One year later, the Civil Rights Act（民权法案）of 1964 was paed.It was not the first law of civil rights for Americans, but it was the most thorough and effective.The act guaranteed equal rights in housing, public facilities, voting and public schools.Everyone would have impartial hearings（申诉的机会）and jury trials.A civil rights commiion would ensure that these laws were enforced.Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.and thousands of others now knew that they had not struggled in vain（徒劳）.In the same year Dr.King won the Nobel Peace Prize for leading non-violent demonstrations.In 1968, Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.was aainated while he was leading a workers' strike in Memphis, Tenneee.White people and black people who had worked so hard for peace and civil rights were shocked and angry.The world grieved the lo of this man of peace.The Making of a Holiday
Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.'s death did not slow the Civil Rights Movement.Black and white people continued to fight for freedom and equality.Coretta Scott King is the widow of the civil rights leader.In 1970, she established the Martin Luther King Jr.Memorial Center in Atlanta, Georgia.This “living memorial” consists of his boyhood home and the Ebenezer Baptist Church, where King is buried.On Monday, January 20, 1986, in cities and towns acro the country people celebrated the first official
Martin Luther King Day, the only federal holiday commemorating an African-American.A ceremony which took place at an old railroad depot（铁路仓储）in Atlanta Georgia was especially emotional.Hundreds had gathered to sing and to march.Many were the same people who, in 1965, had marched for fifty miles between two cities in the state of Alabama to protest segregation and discrimination of black Americans.All through the 1980's, controversy surrounded the idea of a Martin Luther King Day.Congremen and citizens had petitioned（请求）the President to make January 15, Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, a federal holiday.Others wanted to make the holiday on the day he died, while some people did not want to have any holiday at all.January 15 had been observed as a public holiday for many years in 27 states and Washington, D.C.Finally, in 1986, President Ronald Reagan declared the third Monday in January a federal legal holiday commemorating Dr.Martin Luther King's birthday.Schools, offices and federal agencies are closed for the holiday.On Monday there are quiet memorial services as well as elaborate ceremonies in honor of Dr.King.On the preceding Sunday, ministers of all religions give special sermons（布道）reminding everyone of Dr.King's lifelong work for peace.All weekend, popular radio stations play songs and speeches that tell the history of the Civil Rights Movement.Television channels broadcast special programs with filmed highlights of Dr.King's life and times.
