新一代农民工何去何从？由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“建筑业农民工何去何从”。
2012年05月15日 06:16 AM
新一代农民工何去何从？ Occupational therapy
Friends, what kind of person do you want to become? That is all up to you.If you never dare to want to succeed, then you will never
succeed...What is important is that you must dare to think, dare to want...Wu Chunming, from „Factory
Girls: Voices from the Heart of Modern China‟ by Leslie T.Chang
It is 11am in a large boarding house in Shenzhen where young migrants bunk six to a room.The balconies are suddenly crowded with young men and women pulling their uniforms off washing lines as they get ready for work, as if an alarm has just gone off.Unusually, however, the uniforms are not the coveralls of factory workers but the waistcoats and jackets of restaurant workers.The washing line is a banner of sorts heralding the increasing
popularity of jobs in the service sector among the young Chinese migrant workers who staff the factories that dominate the manufacturing heartland in southern China.Two men, aged 17 and 20 and
wearing only the basketball shorts they slept in, say that when they arrived a few months earlier they did not even
朋友，你想成为怎样的人？这完全取决于你自己。如果你从来都不敢想你要成功，那么你永远都不会成功„„关键是，你必须敢想、敢要„„
——张彤禾(Leslie T.Chang)所著《工厂女孩》(Factory Girls: Voices from the Heart of Modern China)中的吴春明
这里是深圳一栋大型宿舍楼，每间住着六名打工者。现在是上午11点整，好像刚刚拉响过警报一样，年轻的男男女女忽然一齐出现在各自房间的阳台上，从晾衣绳上取下晾晒的制服，准备去上工。
不同寻常的是，这些制服不是工厂工人的工作服，而是餐馆服务员穿着的那种背心和夹克。
服务业工作在中国年轻打工者中越来越受欢迎，这从晾衣绳上晾晒的制服中可见一斑。但在位于中国南方的制造业中心，为打工者提供最多工作岗位的还是一家家工厂。
两名只穿着睡觉穿的运动短裤的男子（年龄分别为17岁和20岁）说，几个月前他们刚刚来到这里时，根本没考虑过去工厂当工人。年纪大一点的那个
look for factory jobs.“Our friends told us working in factories is repetitive.The working hours are very long,” says the older one.Instead, they both decided to work in a restaurant despite pay that was 20-25 per cent le than that offered by 说：“一些朋友说，在工厂里做事总是重复一样的事情。工作时间特别长。”
于是，他们都决定去餐馆工作，尽管餐馆给的工资比工厂少20%至25%。住在宿舍楼里的大多数人都做出了同样的factories.Most of the residents of the boarding house have made the same choice, which explains the queue for toilets at 11am.Manufacturers acro China in labour-intensive industries such as garments and shoes complain that recruiting is more difficult than it has ever been, in large part because the cohort of entry-level workers is becoming smaller every year after three decades of the country‟s
one-child policy.Guangdong, China‟s most industrialised province, is
estimated to be short of 1m workers.Double-digit wage rises every year and promises of birthday celebrations for employees have not eased the shortages.This year sign-on bonuses, once the preserve of Wall Street, were offered at many factories acro southern China.Newly recruited workers in leather businees in
Dongguan, a city with more factories than traffic lights an hour north of Shenzhen, received “travel money” of Rmb400-600($63-$95)from grateful factory owners just for joining.The problem for factory owners is not just that China‟s demographic dividend has been cashed.Many of today‟s younger generation find working in factories stultifying and aspire to jobs in the service sector or even to white-collar jobs.This is a
选择，难怪楼里的厕所一到上午11点就排队。
在中国各地，服装、制鞋等劳动力密集型行业的工厂主都抱怨说，现在招人比以往任何时候都难，其中很大部分原因在于，在实行了30年的计划生育政策之后，如今希望进入工厂工作的打工者大军人数逐年减少。在中国工业化程度最高的省份——广东，工人缺口估计有100万。
工厂每年以两位数幅度上涨工资，还承诺为员工庆祝生日，但这些举措并未缓解工人紧缺问题。中国南方许多工厂今年推出了入职奖，这种福利一度是华尔街的专利。在深圳以北一小时车程处的东莞，一个工厂比交通灯还多的城市，皮革厂老板为新入职工人发放每人400至600元人民币的“旅费”，仅为“感谢”他们入职。
工厂主面临的问题不仅仅是中国的人口红利已耗尽。如今年青一代中，许多人认为当工人没劲，渴望从事服务业甚至白领工作。在这一点上，年青一代与他们的父辈迥然不同。他们的父辈在农村干惯了农活，并不觉得工厂流水线
marked change from their parents, who had migrated from farms and paddy fields and did not consider working on an aembly line to be drudgery.In a video-games parlour in the southern Chinese town of Xintang, known as the world‟s jeans capital, Zeng Guang, a 23-year-old migrant from Hunan wearing a bleached T-shirt with a Union Jack acro the front, explains why he quit his job sewing the seams on jeans.Mr Zeng was working 12-hour days and could only take one day off a month.When his bo refused to give him extra time off to deal with an illne in the family, Mr Zeng quit.“There were so many reasons I didn‟t want to work there,” he says.Mr Zeng has the training to be a bartender and is considering seeking work as one, despite pay that would be Rmb400 le a month than the
Rmb2,000 he was making.“I just want a job where I can work eight hours a day, but I cannot say what job can give you this,” he says with an awkward laugh.Mr Zeng regrets having left school at 14 because he feels trapped by his lack of qualifications.“My father died when I was 14 and my mother
remarried.I didn‟t want to study any more and moved to my grandparents‟,” he says.“I regret leaving school.Without education, I can‟t find decent jobs.” He pauses to reflect.“Factory work is usele and meaningle,” he says finally.“For a long time, I have learnt nothing.”
But back from his month looking的工作有多枯燥。
在被誉为“世界牛仔裤之都”的中国南方城镇新塘的一家游戏厅里，一名23岁的湖南籍青年曾光（音译）解释自己辞掉在牛仔裤厂缝裤缝工作的原因。曾光穿着一件褪色的T恤，胸前印着一幅米字旗。他在牛仔裤厂的时候，每天要工作12个小时，每个月只能休息一天。后来曾光的家人生病了，老板不准假，于是他辞了职。他说：“我有无数个理由不想在那干下去。”
曾光受过当酒保的培训，尽管当酒保的月工资比牛仔裤厂给的2000元人民币少400元，但他正考虑找份当酒保的工作。他不自然地笑道：“我只不过想找份每天只干8个小时的工作，但我说不出什么样的工作能满足这个愿望。”
因为感到受困于学历不高，曾光后悔自己14岁就不再念书。“我14岁那年父亲死了，母亲改嫁。我不想上学了，搬去跟祖父母住。”他说，“我后悔离开学校。没受过教育，找不到像样的工作。”曾光停下来想了想。“工厂的工作没有用，没有意义。”他最后说，“很长一段时间里，我什么都没有学到。”
曾光回家待了一个月的时间，照顾
after his grandparents, Mr Zeng steels himself to work in a garment factory to help pay his grandfather‟s medical bills.Bartending will have to wait
another year, he says, as he hurries to a 祖父母。回来之后，他决心去一家服装厂上班，赚钱付祖父的医药费。他急匆匆地走向一个停车场（很多求职者在那里等候去各工厂的大巴参加面试），边走边说，当酒保的事儿还要再等一年。
car park where recruiters wait to bus workers to interviews at factories.His friend, Chen Jinguo, 22, sews belt loops on to jeans and wants to study but he works a 12-hour day from 8am until 11pm with breaks for lunch and dinner.“We don‟t have enough energy to study,” he says.Acro southern China, human resource managers and workplace psychotherapists say young men and women are switching jobs at an ever more rapid rate.Liu Kaiming, a labour consultant with the Institute of
Contemporary Observation, says that the generation born in the 1990s has driven turnover rates at some factories in south China to 15 per cent a month.“The first generation of migrant workers were very clear;they were working to build a house in their village,” says Mr Liu.“The new
generation feels there is no future in the village.They go to the city where every day they look at television and newspapers with stories of new wealth that does not belong to them.”
In the workplaces of southern China, dreams quickly crash into reality, however.In the car park outside a shopping mall in Xintang, 25-year-old Liu Xinjiang is taking stock after his first morning working in a Chinese fast-food restaurant.He had spent the morning preparing
ingredients for the chefs and looks exhausted.曾光的朋友陈金国（音译）今年22岁，在牛仔裤厂缝皮带圈。他想学习，但他每天要工作12个小时，从早上8点到晚上11点，中间只有午餐和晚餐的时间可以休息。陈金国说：“我们没有足够的精力去学习。”
在整个中国南方，人力资源经理们和职场心理医生们都说，年轻人换工作的频率比以往任何时候都快。当代社会观察研究所(Institute of
Contemporary Observation)劳动咨询师刘开明说，因为90后频繁离职，中国南方一些工厂每月的人员流动率达到15%。“第一代农民工目标非常明确，他们工作就是为了回村里盖房。”刘开明说，“而新一代农民工觉得在农村没前途。他们来到城市，每天看着电视和报纸上讲的那些发财致富的故事，自己却不名一文。”
然而，在中国南方，许多打工者的梦想很快撞上现实。在新塘一家购物中心外的停车场里，25岁的刘欣江（音译）正在盘货。这是他在这家中式快餐厅工作的第一天。一早上，刘欣江都在为厨师们配料，现在显得很疲惫。
He left a garment factory job a year ago to set up a restaurant with a friend in a nearby town but the
busine subsequently failed.With a salary of Rmb2,000 and rent to pay because the fast-food restaurant,unlike most factories, does not provide dorm accommodation, Mr Liu says he will need to moonlight.“The garment factories do not follow labour laws [limiting overtime] but the restaurant is a big company.They have to follow the law,” he says.In an alley on the outskirts of
Shenzhen, near the Foxconn plant that aembles Apple‟s iPads and iPhones, the workers‟ housing near the plant is still draped with long safety nets that look like funeral shrouds, a morbid reminder of a string of suicides by young workers who jumped to their deaths in the summer of 2010.A 24-year-old called Hu says that after three and a half years at Flextronics, which makes Microsoft‟s Xbox games console, and a year working at
Foxconn, he has decided electronics proceing, with its rigid routines, is not for him.He admits many workers would envy his monthly salary of Rmb4,500, but he wants work that engages his mind.“If you can do work that is interesting and make money from it, you can be the most happy person in the world.That is what Steve Jobs had,” he says.Additional reporting by Zhou Ping
一年前，刘欣江辞去服装厂的工作，与一个朋友在附近的镇里开了一家餐馆。但餐馆后来倒闭了。他在这家中式快餐厅的工资只有2000元人民币，还要付房租，因为跟大多数工厂不一样，餐厅不为员工提供宿舍。刘欣江说，他需要再兼个职。刘欣江说：“服装厂不遵守劳动法（限制加班），但餐厅是大企业，必须守法。”
在深圳郊区的一条小巷里，临近为苹果(Apple)装配iPad和iPhone的富士康工厂(Foxconn)，富士康的员工宿舍下仍悬挂着长长的安全网，看上去像裹尸布一样，令人心有余悸地想起2010年夏天发生在这里的一系列年轻工人跳楼事件。一名24岁的胡姓（音译）年轻人说，他在为微软(Microsoft)生产Xbox游戏机的伟创力(Flextronics)工作了三年半，又在富士康工作了一年，最终觉得规章制度严格的电子加工业不适合自己。
这位年轻人承认，许多工人会羡慕他每个月挣4500元人民币，但他希望从事需要动脑子的工作。他说：“如果你做的工作既有趣又能赚钱，你可能就是世界上最幸福的人。这是史蒂夫•乔布斯(Steve Jobs)说的。”
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