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第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years
A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74.Women to about 80, and these _____l_____ are rising all the time.What has brought _____2_____ these changes? When we look at the life_____3_____of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest_____4_____of the time.In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often _____3_____ infectious diseases such as smallpox.Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the_____6_____world these diseases are far_____7_____today, and in some cases have almost disappeared.A number of_____8_____have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which_____9_____bacterial diseases much le dangerous, and vaccinations_____l0_____common diseases._____11_____, people's generalhealth has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but_____l2_____people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age.The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnees, such as heart disease and strokes, and those_____l3_____by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l.Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well.In most cases these diseases affect_____l4_____people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity_____l5_____more heart disease and illnees such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be claed as “lifestyle diseases”，which means that it may be poible to halt their progre.词汇：
Expectancyn．预期
Acuteaaj．(疾病)急性的Infectiousadj．传染性的Smallpoxn.天花
Sanitationn．环境卫生
Hygienen．个人卫生
Antibioticn．抗生素
Bacterialadj．细菌性的Vaccinationn．种痘，接种
Preservevt．保藏，防止(食物)腐烂
Nutritionn．营养
Chronicaaj．(疾病)慢性的Stroken．中风
Virusn．病毒
Influenzan．流行性感冒
Trendn．趋势，倾向
Obesityn．肥胖
Diabetesn．糖尿病
Haltvt．使．．．停止
注释：
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)：艾滋病，后天性免疫缺乏综合症
练习：，1．A agesB yearsC livesD countries
2．A inB aboutC toD with
3．A lengthB timeC durationD span
4．A peopleB killersC inventionD nation
5．A moreB leC highD highly
6．A developedB le developedC undevelopedD developing
7．A more deadlyB deadlyC 1e deadlyD fatal
8．A improvementsB factorsC jobsD measures
9．A makesB causesC makeD from
10． A againstB forC toD cause
11． A AndB ThereforeC In additionD Neverthele
12． A whenB yetC howeverD while
13． A spreadB affectedC producedD created
14． A poorB weakC olderD young
15． A andB leading toC fromD with
答案与题解：
1.A通过上下文可知此处应为“年龄”.2.B bring about意思是“带来”，bring in意为赚取，实现（一定利润），没有bring to这个短语，如果用with，此句话必须变成what has it brought with these changes才符合语法，但意思就不符合文章了。
3.D life span是一个固定搭配，意为寿命。
4.B从下一句可以看出此处应指那些不治之症。
5.D本句举了天花的例子，下一句指出很多孩子死于这些病，所以此处应为一个表严重的词。high是形容词，不能修饰后面的形容词。Acute不是比较级，所以and后面也不应用比较级。
6.A本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失，通过常识得知应该是发达国家。
7.C本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失，整段都在说明情况好转，故选C.8.B冒号后面列举的内容不能统一用其他几个词概括，只能用factor.9.C注意这里的which不是非限制定语从旬中指代前面l句话的作用，而是指代前面两项内容：卫生的改善和抗生素的发明使用，所以which后的动词不用三单形式。cause没有这样的语法搭配。
10.A该选项为固定搭配，意为对某种疾病的预防接种。
11.C前面说的是对疾病的防范和控制加强，后面说的是整体环境的改善，两者为并列关系，但是And在书面语中不能这样使用，所以只能选in addition.12.D整句话的意思是：从基因角度看，人都能活到85岁，但是虽然现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。所以此处应该填一个转折副词。
13.A those指代流感和艾滋病等靠病毒传播的疾病，those后面的动词是过去分词作定语。spread的过去分词与原形相同。
14.C本句最后指出一些病越来越年轻化，所以此处应选择younger的反义词。
15.B obesity是心脏病和糖尿病年轻化的重要原因，它和心脏病、糖尿病不是并列关系，而是因果关系，所以选择leading to，现在分词作结果状语。
第十五篇 上世纪人类平均寿命的变化
一百年前，发达国家的人口平均寿命约为47岁；到21世纪初，美英两国男性平均寿命约为 74岁，女性则约为80岁，人们的平均寿命一直在延长。是什么造成这样的变化呢？在研究100年 前人类寿命吋，我们耑要注意当时一些不治之症。早在20世纪初期，这些不治之症经常是像天花 之类的急性的高传染病。许多儿童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年迈体弱的人也总面临着它们的威胁。
如今，这些疾病在发达国家已远不能致命，有一些都能被治愈。这一变化归于许多因索，比如：环境及个人卫生的改善、抗生素的发现及使用（抗生索大大降低了细菌病的危险）以及常见 疾病预防疫苗的接种。除此之外，更洁净的空气、更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温暧的屋子还有 对营养的进一步认识，这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康。
从基因角度看，人都能活到85岁。但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使 得我们不能都活到那个岁数。现在困扰人们的是像心脏病、中风那种更为慢性的疾病，还有像流 行性感冒和艾滋病那些通过病毒传染的疾病。当然，癌症也是一大杀手。上述疾病大多彤响着老 年人，但令人担忧的问题在发达国家日趋明显，如：肥胖症产生更多心脏病、糖尿病等其他疾病 患者群渐呈年轻化。
人们如今把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病”，这意味辁人们生活方式的改善有可能阻止它们的进一步发展。
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