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About polymers关于聚合物One of the first developments of plastics wasas a replacement to ivory billiard balls, due to the dwindling supply of ivory.As far back as 1866, elephants were being slaughtered at an alarming rate to keep up with the demand for ivory billiard balls, billiard having become America’s favorite pastime.John Wesly Hyatt, invented the replacement, one of the first plastics, called celluloid, which was used in movies for a short time.An important plastics inventor was Charles Macintosh, who developed a plastic coated waterproof fabric in the mid 19th century and gaves is named to the coat.In Britain, people still refer to their raincoats as “Macs”
The inventor of the first synthetic plastic, Bakelite, was Leo Bakeland.Time magazine called him “The King of Plastics” and put him on the cover of its September 22,1924 iue.It dubbed Bakelite “The material with a thousand uses”.In the 1940’s a vinyl based material commonly known as Saran Wrap started as a furniture protector.During World War Ⅱ defense contractors found more important uses for the plastic.Saran film “sprayed”on plans being shipped overseas protected them the salty sea spray, which meant that the proce of disaembling, greasing at the point of origin and then cleaning and reaemblingat the destination were avoided.After the war there was an oversupply of the film and resulted in it being marketed as the self cling food wrap we find in kitchens everywhere.,由于供应减少的象牙，第一个塑料的发展是作为象牙台球替代品。早在1866年，台球已经成为美国人最喜欢的娱乐活动，为了满足美国人对象牙台球的需求，大象以惊人的速度遭到屠杀。约翰Wesly凯悦第一个发明了代替品塑料,叫做赛璐珞,用于很短的电影电影。一个重要的塑料发明家查尔斯·麦金托什在19世纪中期开发了一种塑料涂层防水织物,并给它取名为外套。在英国人们依然把他们的雨衣当做“Macs”。利奥贝克兰迪（Leo Bakeland）是第一个合成塑料酚醛塑料的发明者。《时代》杂志称它为“塑料之王”,并把它作为1924年9月22日发行期刊的封面。它称为酚醛塑料有成千上万种用途。在1940年家具保护器保鲜膜开始用乙烯基材料合成。在第二次世界大战期间国防承包商发现塑料制品有更多的重要用途。合成树脂薄膜“喷雾”计划运往海外保护他们在咸海水的喷淋, 这意味着从出发到终点这个过程的拆卸、润滑、清洗和重新装配都省去了。二战过后保鲜膜的过量供应导致保鲜膜在厨房无处不在并被定位为自我抓食品包装。
Also during the 1940’s started the craze for nylon stockings, which were rumored to be so strong that only an acetylene torch could but a run in them.Manufactures claimed that the nylon stockings were as “strong as steel” and lead many women to believe that the hose were impervious to razor blades and nail files..Nylons were popular that women stampeded to get even one pair.One of the most well known plastics of today, GORE-TEX, which is used to make extremely warm jackets and shoes, is used extensively in vascular grafts and patches for heart defects and hernias.The History of Polymers
Long-chain Molecules which Have Become Indispensable in Modern Life
How did we come to depend onplastic, Teflon, Nylon and Lycra?
Modern life would be incomparably different without synthetic chemicals called polymers.Man-made fibres, as used in clothing, carpets and curtains, plastic used in innumerable domestic And industrial applications and artificial joints, and paints and cleaning materials, are all different forms of this Important discovery.What’s often forgotten is that at the beginning of the 20th century the chemistry of large molecules was unknown and their synthesis unthinkable.Large Molecules
When a German scientist named Hermann Staudinger proposed in the 1920s that it was poible to have large
molecules made up if many thousands of atoms, he was ridiculed by many other scientists.The common wisdom was that the structures of such materials as
rubber and Bakelite were actually many small molecules held together by an
尼龙长袜也在1940年开始受到的人们的狂热,谣传是如此强大以至于只有一个乙炔炬可能在其中运行。制造商宣称尼龙长袜为“强钢”,导致许多女性相信软管不受刀片和钉书钉的损坏。因为妇女的从众心理各买一双，以至于尼龙很受欢迎
现今我们众所周知的塑料之一戈尔特斯用于制造非常暖和的外套和鞋子,并且广泛用于人造血管和修复心脏缺陷和疝。
聚合物的历史
聚合物已经成为现代生活中必不可少的我们如何使用塑料、聚四氟乙烯、尼龙和人造弹性纤维的呢？
如果没有被称为聚合物的合成化学物质，那么现在的生活将会变得极其的不一样。人造纤维,用于服装、地毯、窗帘、塑料用于无数家庭、工业应用、人造关节、颜料和清洁的材料都是聚合物重要发现的不同应用形式。由于20世纪初大分子化学是未知的，更不用说合成了，以至于经常被人们忘记。
大分子
当德国科学家赫尔曼·施陶丁格在1920年代提议说如果由成千上万的原子组成的物质可能具有较大分子时曾被多数科学家嘲笑。当时普遍认为,橡胶和人造树脂材料的结构实际 unknown force
上是由许多小分子通过未知的力量结合在一起的.Organic Synthesis
Staudinger struck to his guns and, with his colleagues, he synthesized a series of organic molecules called poly(methanal)s(聚甲醛).These compounds were long chains of repeating units, the units being —CH2O—.They are made by joining lots of methanal molecules together.The German scientists made chains of different lengths and showed that their properties changed depending on the length of the chains.The next question to answer was: Are polymers any use? Chemists working for Imperial Chemical Industries(ICI), soon discovered a polymer which put the answer to this question beyond any doubt.They were attempting to react to organic molecules, ethylene(now known as ethane)and benzaldehyde(苯甲醛)，at very high temperature and preure.But the reaction failed to impre, but there was a small amount of a while, waxy substance on the wall of the reaction veel.This was poly(ethane)or polythene, and soon ICI realized they had a potentially useful compound.World WarⅡ
The new material had many properties which made it stand out.It was easy to form into different items, was tough and hard wearing, was impermeable to water and insulating to electricity.It was discovered in the 1930s and was soonbeing used in the Second World War to insulate the many metres of cables needed for the vital radar equipment used by the British.有机物的合成斯陶丁格与他的的同事坚持自己的观点合成了一系列称为聚甲醛的有机化合物。—CH2O—是这些长链化合物的重复单元。他们由大量的甲醛分子聚合而成。德国科学家发现不同长度链的化合物其性质随着链的长短不一而不同。
下一个问题是:聚合物有什么用途?化学家为帝国化学工业公司(ICI)工作,很快就发现了一种聚合物,把这 个问题毫无疑问的解决了。
他们试图使有机分子乙烯(现在被称为乙烷)和苯甲醛(苯甲醛)在高温压下反应。反应未能打动,但有少量的一段时间,蜡状物质在墙上的反应容器。这是聚(乙烷)或聚乙烯,很快意识到他们有一个潜在的ICI有用的化合物。
第二次世界大战
这种新材料有许多特性使它脱颖而出。它很容易形成不同的项目,很艰难和耐磨,是无法渗透水和绝缘电力。这是1930年发现的,很快就被用在第二次世界大战将许多米的电缆需要至关重要的雷达设备所采用的英国。
HDPE
The development of the petrochemical industry after the war supplied the raw materials for this product.Then a catalysed method of producing high-density poly(ethane)(HDPE)was discovered by Karl Zeigler in Mulheim, Germany in 1950.both these development meant that the world would never be the same again as more and more uses for this plastic were discovered.Nylon and Lycra [(商)莱克拉（聚氨基
甲基酯纤维）
Soon other types of polymers were being development.Some of the more important were poly(propene)by Giulio Natta in Milan, Nylon by Wallace Carothers in the US, poly(urethane)s, used in Lycra, and polyesters, a very important raw material for the clothing industry.Future
The history of the development of polymers is nowhere near its end.New developments and advances are constantly being made and every year there are new patents for novel molecules which promise much.Only time will tell how we come to depend even more on these compounds.高密度聚合物
石油化工行业的发展提供战争后对该产品的原材料。然后一个催化法生产的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)(乙烷)发现了卡尔·齐格勒在Mulheim,德国在1950年。这两个发展意味着世界将永远不会再次重复随着越来越多的使用对于这个塑料被发现
尼龙和人造纤维
很快,其他一些类型的聚合物被开发。一些更重要的是聚丙烯)由Giulio Natta在米兰,尼龙通过Wallace Carothers在美国,聚氨基甲酸乙酯)年代,用于莱卡,聚酯,一个非常重要的原材料服装行业。
未来
发展的历史聚合物是远远看不到尽头。新的发展和进步不断,每年都有新的专利小说分子答应太多。只有时间能告诉我们如何依赖更在这些化合物。
