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residentRonaldReagon:
Thankyouverymuch.ChancellorKohl,GoverningMayorDiepgen,ladiesandgentlemen:Twenty-fouryearsago,PresidentJohnF.KeedyvisitedBerlin,eakingtothepeopleofthiscityandtheworldattheCityHall.Well,sincethentwootherpresidentshavecome,eachinhisturn,toBerlin.AndtodayI,myself,makemysecondvisittoyourcity.WecometoBerlin,weAme
ricanpresidents,becauseit'sourdutytoeak,inthisplace,offreedom.ButImustconfe,we'redrawnherebyotherthingsaswell:bythefeelingofhistoryinthiscity,morethan500yearsolderthanourownnatiobythebeautyoftheGrunewaldandtheTiergartemostofall,byyourcourageanddetermination.PerhathecomposerPaulLinckeunderstoodsomethingaboutAmericanpresidents.Yousee,likesomanypresidentsbeforeme,IcomeheretodaybecausewhereverIgo,whateverIdo:IchhabnocheinenKofferinBerlin.[IstillhaveasuitcaseinBerlin.]
OurgatheringtodayisbeingbroadcastthroughoutWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica.IunderstandthatitisbeingseenandheardaswellintheEast.TothoselisteningthroughoutEasternEurope,aecialword:AlthoughIcaotbewithyou,Iaddremyremarkstoyoujustaurelyastothosestandingherebeforeme.ForIjoinyou,asIjoinyourfellowcountrymenintheWest,inthisfirm,thisunalterablebelief:EsgibtnureinBerlin.[ThereisonlyoneBerlin.]
Behindmestandsawallthatencirclesthefreesectorsofthiscity,partofavastsystemofbarriersthatdividestheentirecontinentofEurope.FromtheBaltic,south,thosebarrierscutacroGermanyinagashofbarbedwire,concrete,dogru,andguardtowers.Farthersouth,theremaybenovisible,noobviouswall.Butthereremainarmedguardsandcheckpointsallthesame--stillarestrictionontherighttotravel,stillanitrumenttoimposeuponordinarymenandwomenthewillofatotalitarianstate.YetitishereinBerlinwherethewallemergesmostclearly;here,cuttingacroyourcity,wherethenewsphotoandthetelevisionscreenhaveimprintedthisbrutaldivisionofacontinentuponthemindoftheworld.StandingbeforetheBrandeurgGate,everymanisaGerman,separatedfromhisfellowmen.EverymanisaBerliner,forcedtolookuponascar.PresidentvonWeizsackerhaaid,“TheGermanquestionisopenaslongastheBrandeurgGateisclosed.”TodayIsay:Aslongasthegateisclosed,aslongasthicarofawallispermittedtostand,itisnottheGermanquestionalonethatremaiopen,butthequestionoffreedomforallmankind.YetIdonotcomeheretolament.For
IfindinBerlinameageofhope,evenintheshadowofthiswall,ameageoftriumph.Inthieasonofringin1945,thepeopleofBerlinemergedfromtheirair-raidshelterstofinddevastation.Thousandsofmilesaway,thepeopleoftheUnitedStatesreachedouttohelp.Andin1947SecretaryofState--asyou'vebeentold--GeorgeMarshallaouncedthecreationofwhatwouldbecomeknownastheMarshallP
lan.eakingprecisely40yearsagothismonth,hesaid:“Ourpolicyisdirectednotagaitanycountryordoctrine,butagaithunger,poverty,deeration,andchaos.”
IntheReichstagafewmomentsago,Isawadilaycommemoratingthis40thaiversaryoftheMarshallPlan.Iwatruckbythesignonaburnt-out,guttedstructurethatwasbeingrebuilt.IunderstandthatBerlinersofmyowngenerationcanrememberseeingsiglikeitdottedthroughoutthewesternsectorsofthecity.Thesignreadsimply:“TheMarshallPlanishelpingheretostrengthenthefreeworld.”Astrong,freeworldintheWest,thatdreambecamereal.Japanrosefromruintobecomeaneconomicgiant.Italy,France,Belgium--virtuallyeverynationinWesternEuropesawpoliticalandeconomicrebirth;theEuropeanCommunitywasfounded.InWestGermanyandhereinBerlin,theretookplaceaneconomicmiracle,theWirtschaftswunder.Adenauer,Erhard,Reuter,andotherleadersunderstoodthepracticalimportanceofliberty--thatjustastruthcanflourishonlywhenthejournalistisgivenfreedomofeech,soproeritycancomeaboutonlywhenthefarmerandbusinemanenjoyeconomicfreedom.TheGermanleadersreducedtariffs,expandedfreetrade,loweredtaxes.From1950to1960alone,thestandardoflivinginWestGermanyandBerlindoubled.Wherefourdecadesagotherewasrule,todayinWestBerlinthereisthegreatestindustrialoutputofanycityinGermany--busyofficeblocks,finehomesandapartments,proudavenues,andthereadinglawofparkland.Whereacity'scultureseemedtohavebeendestroyed,todaytherearetwogreatuniversities,orchestrasandanopera,countletheaters,andmuseums.Wheretherewaswant,todaythere'sabundance--food,clothing,automobiles--thewonderfulgoodsoftheKu'damm.Fromdevastation,fromutterruin,youBerlinershave,infreedom,rebuiltacitythatonceagainranksasoneofthegreatestonearth.TheSovietsmayhavehadotherpla.Butmyfriends,therewereafewthingstheSovietsdidn'tcounton--BerlinerHerz,BerlinerHumor,ja,undBerlinerSchnauze.[Berlinerheart,Berlinerhumor,yes,andaBerlinerSchnauze.]
Inthe1950s,Khrushchevpredicted:“Wewillburyyou.”ButintheWesttoday,weseeafreeworldthathasachievedalevelofproerityandwell-beingurecedentedinallhumanhistory.IntheCommunistworld,weseefailure,technologicalbackwardne,decliningstandardsofhealth,evenwantofthemostbasickind--toolittlefood.Eventoday,theSovietUnionstillcaotfeeditself.Afterthesefourdecades,then,therestandsbeforetheentireworldonegreatandinescapableconclusion:Freedomleadstoproerity.Freedomreplacestheancienthatredsamongthenatiowithcomityandpeace.Freedomisthevictor.AndnowtheSovietsthemselvesmay,inalimitedway,becomingtounderstandtheimportanceoffreedom.WehearmuchfromMoscowaboutanewpolicyofreformandopee.Somepoliticalprisonershavebeenreleased.Certainforeignnewsbroadcastsarenolongerbeingjammed.Someeconomicenterpriseshavebeenpermittedtooperatewithgreaterfreedomfromstatecontrol.ArethesethebegiingsofprofoundchangesintheSovietstate?Oraretheytokengestures,intendedtoraisefalsehopesintheWest,ortostrengthentheSovietsystemwithoutchangingit?Wewelcomechangeandopeeforwebelievethatfreedomandsecuritygotogether,thattheadvanceofhumanlibertycanonlystrengthenthecauseofworldpeace.ThereisonesigntheSovietscanmakethatwouldbeunmistakable,thatwouldadvancedramaticallythecauseoffreedomandpeace.GeneralSecretaryGorbachev,ifyouseekpeace,ifyouseekproerityfortheSovietUnionandEasternEurope,ifyouseekliberalization:Comeheretothisgate!Mr.Gorbachev,openthisgate!Mr.Gorbachev,teardownthiswall!
Iunderstandthefearofwarandthepainofdivisionthatafflictthiscontinent--andIpledgetoyoumycountry'seffortstohelpovercometheseburde.Tobesure,weintheWestmustresistSovietexpaion.Sowemustmaintaindefeesofunaailablestrength.Yetweseekpeace;sowemuststrivetoreducearmsonbothsides.Begiing10yearsago,theSovietschallengedtheWesternalliancewithagravenewthreat,hundredsofnewandmoredeadly-20nuclearmiiles,capableofstrikingeverycapitalinEurope.TheWesternalliancereondedbycommittingitselftoacounter-deploymentunletheSovietsagreedtonegotiateabettersolutionamely,theeliminationofsuchweapoonbothsides.Formanymonths,theSovietsrefusedtobargaininearnestne.Asthealliance,inturn,preparedtogoforwardwithitscounter-deployment,thereweredifficultdays--daysofprotestslikethoseduringmy1982visittothiscity--andtheSovietslaterwalkedawayfromthetable.Butthroughitall,theallianceheldfirm.AndIinvitethosewhoprotestedthen--Iinvitethosewhoprotesttoday--tomarkthisfact:Becauseweremainedstrong,theSovietscamebacktothetable.Andbecauseweremainedstrong,todaywehavewithinreachthepoibility,notmerelyoflimitingthegrowthofarms,butofeliminating,forthefirsttime,anentireclaofnuclearweapofromthefaceoftheearth.AsIeak,NATOministersaremeetinginIcelandtoreviewtheprogreofourproposalsforeliminatingtheseweapo.AtthetalksinGeneva,wehavealsoproposeddeepcutsinstrategicoffeiveweapo.AndtheWesternallieshavelikewisemadefar-reachingproposalstoreducethedangerofconventionalwarandtoplaceatotalbanonchemicalweapo.Whilewepursuethesearmsreductio,IpledgetoyouthatwewillmaintainthecapacitytodeterSovietaggreionatanylevelatwhichitmightoccur.Andincooperationwithmanyofourallies,theUnitedStatesispursuingtheStrategicDefeeInitiative--researchtobasedeterrencenotonthethreatofoffeiveretaliation,butondefeesthattrulydefend;onsystems,inshort,thatwillnottargetpopulatio,butshieldthem.BythesemeaweseektoincreasethesafetyofEuropeandalltheworld.Butwemustrememberacrucialfact:EastandWestdonotmistrusteachotherbecausewearearmed;wearearmedbecausewemistrusteachother.Andourdifferencesarenotaboutweapobutaboutliberty.WhenPresidentKeedyokeattheCityHallthose24yearsago,freedomwasencircled,Berlinwasundersiege.Andtoday,deiteallthepreuresuponthiscity,Berlinstandecureinitsliberty.Andfreedomitselfistraformingtheglobe.InthePhiliines,inSouthandCentralAmerica,democracyhasbeengivenarebirth.ThroughoutthePacific,freemarketsareworkingmiracleaftermiracleofeconomicgrowth.Intheindustrializednatio,atechnologicalrevolutionistakingplace--arevolutionmarkedbyrapid,dramaticadvancesincomputersandtelecommunicatio.InEurope,onlyonenationandthoseitcontrolsrefusetojointhecommunityoffreedom.Yetinthisageofredoubledeconomicgrowth,ofinformationandiovation,theSovietUnionfacesachoice:Itmustmakefundamentalchanges,oritwillbecomeoolete.Todaythusrepresentsamomentofhope.WeintheWeststandreadytocooperatewiththeEasttopromotetrueopee,tobreakdownbarriersthatseparatepeople,tocreateasafe,freerworld.AndsurelythereisnobetterplacethanBerlin,themeetingplaceofEastandWest,tomakeastart.FreepeopleofBerlin:Today,asinthepast,theUnitedStatetandsforthestrictoervanceandfullimplementationofallpartsoftheFourPowerAgreementof1971.Letususethisoccasion,the750thaiversaryofthiscity,tousherinanewera,toseekastillfuller,richerlifefortheBerlinofthefuture.Together,letusmaintainanddevelopthetiesbetweentheFederalRepublicandtheWesternsectorsofBerlin,whichispermittedbythe1971agreement.AndIinviteMr.Gorbachev:LetusworktobringtheEasternandWesternpartsofthecityclosertogether,sothatalltheinhabitantsofallBerlincanenjoythebenefitsthatcomewithlifeinoneofthegreatcitiesoftheworld.ToopenBerlinstillfurthertoallEurope,EastandWest,letusexpandthevitalairaccetothiscity,findingwaysofmakingcommercialairservicetoBerlinmoreconvenient,morecomfortable,andmoreeconomical.WelooktothedaywhenWestBerlincanbecomeoneofthechiefaviationhuinallcentralEurope.WithourFrenchandBritishpartners,theUnitedStatesispreparedtohelpbringinternationalmeetingstoBerlin.ItwouldbeonlyfittingforBerlintoserveasthesiteofUnitedNatiomeetings,orworldconferencesonhumanrightsandarmscontrolorotheriuesthatcallforinternationalcooperation.Thereisnobetterwaytoestablishhopeforthefuturethantoenlightenyoungminds,andwewouldbehonoredtooorsummeryouthexchanges,culturalevents,andotherprogramsforyoungBerlinersfromtheEast.OurFrenchandBritishfriends,I'mcertain,willdothesame.Andit'smyhopethatanauthoritycanbefoundinEastBerlintooorvisitsfromyoungpeopleoftheWesternsectors.Onefinalproposal,oneclosetomyheart:ortrepresentsasourceofenjoymentandeoblement,andyoumayhavenotedthattheRepublicofKorea--SouthKorea--hasofferedtopermitcertaineventsofthe1988OlympicstotakeplaceintheNorth.Internationalortscompetitioofallkindscouldtakeplaceinbothpartsofthiscity.AndwhatbetterwaytodemotratetotheworldtheopeeofthiscitythantoofferinsomefutureyeartoholdtheOlympicgameshereinBerlin,EastandWest?Inthesefourdecades,asIhavesaid,youBerlinershavebuiltagreatcity.You'vedonesoiniteofthreats--theSovietattemptstoimposetheEast-mark,theblockade.Todaythecitythrivesiniteofthechallengesimplicitintheverypresenceofthiswall.Whatkeeyouhere?Certainlythere'sagreatdealtobesaidforyourfortitude,foryourdefiantcourage.ButIbelievethere'omethingdeeper,somethingthatinvolvesBerlin'swholelookandfeelandwayoflife--notmeresentiment.NoonecouldlivelonginBerlinwithoutbeingcompletelydisabusedofillusio.Somethingitead,thathaeenthedifficultiesoflifeinBerlinbutchosetoacceptthem,thatcontinuestobuildthisgoodandproudcityincontrasttoasurroundingtotalitarianpresencethatrefusestoreleasehumanenergiesorairatio.Somethingthateakswithapowerfulvoiceofaffirmation,thatsaysyestothiscity,yestothefuture,yestofreedom.Inaword,IwouldsubmitthatwhatkeeyouinBerlinislove--lovebothprofoundandabiding.Perhathisgetstotherootofthematter,tothemostfundamentaldistinctionofallbetweenEastandWest.Thetotalitarianworldproducesbackwardnebecauseitdoeuchviolencetotheirit,thwartingthehumanimpulsetocreate,toenjoy,toworship.Thetotalitarianworldfindsevensymbolsofloveandofworshipanaffront.Yearsago,beforetheEastGermabeganrebuildingtheirchurches,theyerectedasecularstructure:thetelevisiontoweratAlexanderPlatz.Virtuallyeversince,theauthoritieshavebeenworkingtocorrectwhattheyviewasthetower'sonemajorflaw,treatingtheglahereatthetopwithpaintsandchemicalsofeverykind.Yeteventodaywhenthesunstrikesthathere--thatherethattowersoverallBerlin--thelightmakesthesignofthecro.ThereinBerlin,likethecityitself,symbolsoflove,symbolsofworship,caotbesureed.AsIlookedoutamomentagofromtheReichstag,thatembodimentofGermanunity,Inoticedwordscrudelyray-painteduponthewall,perhabyayoungBerliner:“Thiswallwillfall.Beliefsbecomereality.”Yes,acroEurope,thiswallwillfall.Foritcaotwithstandfaith;itcaotwithstandtruth.Thewallcaotwithstandfreedom.AndIwouldlike,beforeIclose,tosayoneword.Ihaveread,andIhavebeenquestionedsinceI'vebeenhereaboutcertaindemotratioagaitmycoming.AndIwouldliketosayjustonething,andtothosewhodemotrateso.Iwonderiftheyhaveeveraskedthemselvesthatiftheyshouldhavethekindofgovernmenttheyaarentlyseek,noonewouldeverbeabletodowhatthey'redoingagain.ThankyouandGodbleyouall.Note:ThePresidentokeat2:20p.m.attheBrandeurgGate.Inhisopeningremarks,hereferredtoWestGermanChancellorHelmutKohl.Priortohisremarks,PresidentReaganmetwithWestGermanPresidentRichardvonWeizsackerandtheGoverningMayorofWestBerlinEberhardDiepgenatSchloBellevue,PresidentWeizsacker'sofficialresidenceinWestBerlin.Followingthemeeting,PresidentReaganwenttotheReichstag,whereheviewedtheBerlinWallfromtheEastBalcony.
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