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河南理工大学2014模拟联合国大会 The HPU Model United Nation 2014
英文组 English Group 背景文件 Background Guide
河南理工大学外国语学院学生会编写
TOPIC: Ukraine Crisis
CONTENTS
Introduction------3
Background------4
The reason for Ukraine crisis------------------8
Current situation10
International reaction--------------------------13 Focus on the topic------------------------------18
Relevant papers-19
MUN resources--21
Introduction: The Crimean crisis is an ongoing international crisis principally involving Ruia and Ukraine.Most developments apply to the Crimean Peninsula, formerly a multi-ethnic region of Ukraine composed of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the administratively separate municipality of Sevastopol;both are populated by an ethnic Ruianmajority and a minority of both ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars.The crisis unfolded in late February 2014 in the aftermath of the Ukrainian Revolution which
ended
with President Viktor Yanukovich's impeachment by the Verkhovna Rada, his subsequent flight from the capital, and the interim appointment of the Yatsenyuk Government with Oleksandr Turchynov named the from German Chancellor Angela Merkel,and U.S.Vice President Joe Biden.However, the Ruian government held that Yanukovych(亚努科维奇）was illegally impeached and continues to regard him as Ukraine’s legitimate president,while considering the Yatsenyuk（阿尔谢尼·亚采纽克，乌克兰议会前议长）government
illegitimate and the result of a “coup d'etat”, on constitutional grounds.Beginning on February 26, pro-Ruian forces begun to gradually take control of the Crimean peninsula.At first the gunmen, wearing masks and unmarked uniforms, seized government buildings but by no later than the 24th of March had occupied all Ukrainian military bases in Crimea, forcing the Ukraine armed forces to withdraw from the peninsula.During this time, the question of seceion was put to a referendum, which resulted in a 96% affirmative vote but has been condemned by the EU, USA, and the interim Ukraine government as unconstitutional and thus illegal.Despite international opposition, on 17 March the Crimean parliament declared independence from Ukraine and asked to join the Ruian Federation.As a result, on March 27 the U.N.General Aembly paed a non-binding resolution 100 in favor, 11 against and 58 abstentions in the 193-nation aembly that declared invalid Crimea's Moscow-backed referendum.Background The Crimean was conquered by
Khanate, the Ruian
a vaal of Empire in
the Ottoman 1783.Empire,its
Following incorporation into the Ruian Empire, Crimea became the “heart ofRuian Romanticism” and the region continued to attract vacationers well after the Ruian Empire was replaced by the Soviet Union.The demographics of Crimea have undergone dramatic changes in the past centuries.Crimea had autonomy within the Ruian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic as the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1921 until 1945, when Joseph Stalin deported the Crimean Tatars and abolished Crimean autonomy.In 1954, the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev transferred the Crimean Oblast from the Ruian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, in a “symbolic gesture” that seemed insignificant at the time, since both republics were a part of the Soviet Union.Crimea's pre-1945 autonomy was re-established with the Crimean sovereignty referendum in 1991, the final year of the Soviet Union's existence.In 1992, the Crimean Parliament voted to hold a referendum to declare independence, while the Ruian Parliament voted to void the ceion of Crimea to Ukraine.In 1994, Ruian nationalist Yuri Meshkov won the 1994 Crimean presidential election and organized a referendum on Crimea's status.Later in that same year, Crimea's legal status as part of Ukraine was recognized by Ruia, which pledged to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine in the Budapest memorandum signed in 1994.This treaty(or “executive agreement” for purposes of US law), was also signed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France.Ukraine revoked the Crimean constitution and abolished the office of Crimean President in 1995.[75] Crimea would gain a new constitution in 1998 that granted the Crimean parliament leer powers than the previous constitution,including no legislative initiative.Crimean officials would later seek to restore the powers of the previous constitution.The further developments in Crimea and the future of the Ruian naval base in Sevastopol there have been a point of contention in Ruian-Ukrainian relations.Under the now defunct Ruian-Ukrainian Partition Treaty determining the fate of the military bases and veels in Crimea – signed in 1997 and prolonged in 2010the motion failed, as Ruia is a permanent member of the Council with veto power.On March 27, the UN General Aembly adopted a non-binding resolution condemning the referendum allowing annexation of Crimea by Ruia as illegal.The vote was 100 for, 11 against, with 58 abstentions.Council of Europe PACE's Standing Committee expreed its full support for the territorial integrity and national unity of Ukraine on March 7th.NATO – On March 2, 2014, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmuen convened the North Atlantic Council due to both Ruia’s military action and President Putin’s threats against Ukraine.[10] The North Atlantic Council condemned Ruia's military escalation in Crimea and stated that it was breach of international law.It called on Ruia to respect its obligations under the UN Charter, the Budapest Memorandum of 1994, the Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation between Ruia and Ukraine of 1997, and the legal framework regulating the presence of the Ruian Black Sea Fleet.Visegrád Group– On March 4, 2014, V4 iued a joint statement urging Ruia to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity and for Ukraine to take into account its minority groups to not further break fragile relations.It urged for Ruia to act in full respect of Ukrainian and international law and in line with the provisions of the 1994 Budapest Memorandum.“The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia are appalled to witne a military intervention in 21st century Europe akin to their own experiences in 1956, 1968 and 1981.”[12] On March 7, 2014, the Visegrad Group's Ministers of Foreign Affairs iued a joint statement with the NB8 countries' Ministers of Foreign Affairs, declaring that “Against an European country an act of aggreion has been committed by Ruian military forces”.They also condemned “the unprovoked violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity by the Ruian Federation” and called on Ruia “to immediately withdraw its armed forces to the areas of their permanent stationing, in accordance with the relevant agreements”
Armenia,On 7th March, President Serzh Sargsyan stated at the European People's Party seion in Dublin that the “Ukrainian events are a matter of serious concern to all of us”.He called “to take all poible measures in order to ease the tension and find reasonable solutions by the means of a dialogue.” During a phone conversation with Putin on March 19 President Serzh Sargsyan said the referendum in Crimea was an exercise of peoples' right to self-determination via free expreion of will.China is deeply concerned about the current situation in Ukraine.We condemn the recent extreme and violent acts there and have been urging the relevant parties in Ukraine to resolve their internal disputes peacefully within the legal framework so as to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of all ethnic communities in Ukraine and restore normal social order at an early date.America and Ruian Federation—Obama and Putin Discu Solutions to Ukraine Crisis Ruian President Vladimir Putin called President Barack Obama on Friday to discu a diplomatic solution to the Ukrainian crisis, while Ukraine's fugitive leader urged a nationwide referendum that would serve Moscow's purpose of turning its neighbor into a loosely knit federation.The statement from Viktor Yanukovych, the former Ukrainian president who fled to Ruia last month after three months of protests, raised the threat of more unrest in Ukraine's Ruian-speaking eastern provinces, where many resent the new Ukrainian government.Also Friday, Ruian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu told Putin the Ukrainian military withdrawal from Crimea was complete.Ukrainian soldiers were seen carrying duffel bags and flags as they shipped out of the Black Sea peninsula that Ruia has annexed.While Yanukovych has practically no leverage in Ukraine, his statement clearly reflected the Kremlin's focus on supporting separatist sentiments in eastern Ukraine.The White House said that Putin called Obama to discu a U.S.proposal for a diplomatic resolution to the crisis in Ukraine, which U.S.Secretary of State John Kerry presented to Ruian counterpart Sergey Lavrov earlier this week.Obama suggested that Ruia put a concrete response in writing and the presidents agreed that Kerry and Lavrov would meet to discu the next steps.“President Obama noted that the Ukrainian government continues to take a restrained and de-escalatory approach to the crisis and is moving ahead with constitutional reform and democratic elections, and urged Ruia to support this proce and avoid further provocations, including the buildup of forces on its border with Ukraine,” the White House said in a statement.A White House official, who wasn't authorized to comment by name and demanded anonymity, said that Obama and Putin spoke for an hour.He said the plan was the old off-ramp roadmap that had been drafted before Ruia annexed Crimea last week.The Kremlin said in its account of the conversation that Putin talked about action by extremists in Ukraine and suggested “poible steps by the international community to help stabilize the situation” in Ukraine.It added that Putin also pointed at an “effective blockade” of Moldova's separatist region of Trans-Dniester, where Ruia has troops.Ruia and the local authorities have complained of Ukraine's recent moves to limit travel acro the border of the region on Ukraine's southern border.There were fears in Ukraine that Ruia could use its forces in Trans-Dniester to invade.Deep divisions between Ukraine's Ruian-speaking eastern regions, where many favor close ties with Moscow, and the Ukrainian-speaking west, where most want to integrate into Europe, continue to fuel tensions.The Crimean Peninsula, where ethnic Ruians are a majority, voted this month to secede from Ukraine before Ruia formally annexed it, a move that Western countries have denounced as illegitimate.Talk percolates of similar votes in other Ukrainian regions with large Ruian populations, although none has been scheduled.Ruia has pushed strongly for federalizing Ukraine — giving its regions more autonomy — but Ukraine's interim authorities in Kiev have rejected such a move.The one vote that has been scheduled is a presidential election on May 25.Focus on the topic
We want to reach an agreement about how to solve Ukraine Crisis though this conference.Should we solve it according to America’s opinion;Ruian’s opinion or any other opinions? But all in all we sincerely hope the Ukraine Crisis problem will be solved in a peace way.Relevant papers The Ukrainian crisis is quickly becoming a geostrategic conflict.The Crimean parliament's declaration of independence from Ukraine ahead of the March 16 referendum indicates Crimea may poibly join Ruia.As Ruian President Vladimir Putin maneuvers to restore Ruia's right to behave with a superpower's impunity-particularly in its own backyard-the West pushes back.But economic forces also have shaped this confrontation, especially Ukraine's record as the world's worst performing industrial economy over the last 20 years.It was popular discontent with this disastrous performance that fomented the recent dient.This, in turn, triggered a bloody response from ousted Crimean President Viktor Yanukovych.His response consolidated the opposition-and ultimately cost Yanukovych his job.Beyond this week's political and military maneuvers, the outstanding question is: Who will bail out the Ukrainian economy? Ruia, or the EU and the United States? A bailout will be the price of drawing Ukraine into one of the two trading systems on offer.Stated simply, Ukraine is the economic equivalent of a failed state.After gaining independence in 1991, the country moved briefly to liberalize its economy along the same lines as most of Eastern and Central Europe.However, Ukraine soon jettisoned its reforms in favor of the state-oligarch model, which was also evolving in Ruia.Some 20 years later, Ukraine's GDP has shrunk 30 percent.Even Ruia's sorry economy is 20 percent larger than it was in 1991.And Poland's economy, which looked much like Ukraine's in 1991, has grown 130 percent over the same period.Ukraine's economic performance has been so terrible and for so long that its sovereign debt iues are now considered the equivalent of junk bonds.Even before the crisis, Ukraine's credit rating was woorse than Greece's.And it was no better than that of Argentina, a global financial pariah for its mismanaged debt defaults and summary expropriations of foreign-owned companies.Ukraine's debts will soon be due, with some $15 billion in sovereign bonds maturing this year and another $15 billion in 2015.With a current account deficit equal to 8 percent of its GDP, Ukraine cannot pay off and refinance those debts without large-scale aid-$20 billion to $25 billion-and affiliating itself with a larger trading system.An economic and trade alliance with Ruia would deliver the bailout, but with little prospects of improving the underlying economy.The European Union and the United States(through the International Monetary Fund)also are prepared to provide the bailout if the Ukrainian government accepts far-reaching economic reforms.The EU-US/IMF reforms should lead to better economic times down the road.But they also would mean more short-term hardships for ordinary Ukrainians.That's why Yanukovych sided with Putin.With a new, pro-Western government in charge in Kiev, Ukraine's fate may well lie in the hands of Europe and the United States.Their choice is simple to state, if difficult to execute: Do they put sufficient economic and diplomatic preure on Putin, to convince him to pocket his own bailout-and let the West pick up the pieces?
The author is co-founder and chairman of Sonecon, LLC, a private company that advises US and foreign businees,governments and non-profit organizations.(China Daily)MUN resources
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