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1.Not all the neighborhoods are empty, nor is every workplace a friendly playground.Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments.Yet as one woman told me recently, she knows more about the people she paes on the way to her desk than on her way around the block.Our new sense of community hasn’t just moved from house to office building.The labels that we wear connect us with members from distant companies, cities, and states.We aume that have something “in common” with other teachers, nurses, city planners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的,也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的.多数人在这里都曾有过复杂的经历.然而,最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度.我们不仅把社区的概念从住宅区迁移到办公楼,上班时身上佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起.我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有某些共同点。，It’s not unlike the experience of our immigrant grandparents.Many who came to this country still identified themselves as members of the Italian community, the Irish community, the Polish community.They sought out and aumed connections with people from the old country.Many of us have updated that experience.We have replaced ethnic identity with profeional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with the workplace.This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the mobile.In an age of specialists, they may have to search harder to find people who speak the same language.这有点像最初移民来到美国我们的祖辈们的经历,许多人来到这里以后把自己原来的国籍还当成一个社区,所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰人社区等。他们不断寻找并设想自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的职业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份根植与他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费劲周折去寻找有共同语言的人。
2.Onward and upward was the course she set.Small progre was no excuse for feeling satisfied with yourself.People who stopped to pat themselves on the back didn’t last long.Even if you got to the top, you’d better not take it easy.“The bigger they come, the harder they fall” was one of her favorite maxims.进取、进取、再进取，这是母亲给我设定的方向。小小的进步是不足以自我满足的。那些因成功而沾沾自喜停下来欣赏自己的人是不会持久的。即使你已经到达顶峰，你也最好不要放松。“爬得越高，摔得越痛”是母亲的至理名言。
It wasn’t the gin that was shouting.It was my mother.The gin only gave me the courage to announce to them that yes, by God, I had always believed in succe, had always believed that without hard work and self-discipline you could never amount to anything, and didn’t deserve to.其实不是杜松子酒在吼，是我的母亲在吼。酒只是借给了我勇气向他们宣布那个想法。是的，上帝可以作证，我一直相信成功，一直相信如果没有辛勤的劳动和严格的自律，一个人不可能有任何成就，也不配有成就。
3.Defining who is great depends on how one measures succe.对伟人的定义取决于人们如何衡量成功 “There’s a tendency to think that they are endowed with something
super-normal” he explained.“But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual procees.” It’s a difference in degree.Greatne is built on tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.””人们往往认为他们具备一些超长非凡的东西，”他解释道。“但研究表明，有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。”伟人的伟大建立在大量的学习、实践及其献身精神的基础之上。
Thrust into office when his country’s morale was at the lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said, “We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end...We shall never surrender.”丘吉尔在全国上下士气最为低落的时候被推上台，并出色地领导了英国人民。在1940年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次讲演中，他的话激励了全国人民，“我们一定不会衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底…我们永远不会屈服。”
4.It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even good health.我们可以从爱和被爱中感到快乐，从朋友的相伴中感到愉快，为能随意到处居留而感到喜悦，甚至会为了身体健康而高兴，可是这些快乐很容易被忽视。
We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such preure to succeed in every area, have turned happine into one more thing we “gotta have.” 另一方面，由于我们有许多选择并想在各个领域获得成功的压力，我们把幸福变成了我们“必须得到”的另外一种东西。
So we chase it and equate it with wealth and succe, without noticing that people who have those things aren’t necearily happier.所以我们追求幸福，将幸福与财富和成功等同起来，没有注意到拥有这一切的人不一定更幸福。
Happine isn’t about what happens to us — it’s about how we perceive what happens to us.It’s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge.幸福不在于我们周围所发生的一切，而在于我们如何去看待我们周围所发生着的一切事情。这是一种从不利中找到有利，将挫折看作是激励的诀窍。
It’s not wishing for what we don’t have, but cherishing what we do poe.幸福并不是时时去盼望得到我们所没有的，而是要珍惜我们拥有的！
5.From my own experience, practical play exposes all sorts of weaknees and strengths in my play that are hidden during preparation.根据我的经验，实际下棋的时候会暴露出我在准备过程中隐藏的各种弱点和长处。
On top of that, all his games were acceible to the Deep Blue team, while he was in the dark about Deep Blue.最要紧的是，深蓝队可以得到他的所有对局，但是他对深蓝队的情况却一无所知。
Humans, too, play weaker in unfamiliar situations and though they may find their way around better, machines can compensate for that with brute force.在陌生的环境下人类的表现也更差，而且即使人类可能摸索到更好的方法，机器也可以用物质的力量来弥补。
Unfortunately, as a result, we were never able to see the fabulous calculating abilities of Deep Blue.很不幸，结果是我们从来也不能看到深蓝奇妙的计算能力
IBM can hardly risk the reputation of its “blue-eyed” baby against some PC or mere mortal.So the rest of us(6,000,000,000 minus Kasparov)are left with more questions than answers.BM几乎不可能用它的“蓝眼”婴孩的声誉来挑战某台微机或是某位凡人。所以我们当中其余的人（除了卡斯帕洛夫以外的60亿人）看到的更多的是问题而不是答案。
6.To hold this opinion, however, is little short of treason in America.A boy or girl who leaves college is branded a failure—and the right to fail is one of the few freedoms that this country does not grant its citizens.The American dream of “getting ahead”, painted in strokes of gold wherever we look.Our advertisements and TV commercials are a hymn to material succe, our magazine articles a toast to people who made it to the top.Smoke the right cigarette or drive the right cat---so the ads imply---and the girls will be swooning into your deodorized arms or careing your expensive lapels.Happine goes to the man who has the sweet smell of achievement.He is our national idol, and everybody else is our national fink.然而在美国,持有这种观点差不多就是背叛.中途离开学校的孩子们被丑化成失败者---失败的权利是美国政府没有赋予国民的少数几个自由之一.美国之梦是”成功”之梦,凡是我们放眼之处都是一片金光灿烂.宣传广告和电视广告歌颂物质方面的成功,杂志文章赞誉获得此类成功的人.广告暗示你:吸适合你身份的烟、开适合你身份的车，女孩们就会陶醉在你那没有异味的怀抱之中，抚摸你那昂贵的衣领。幸福只青睐那些散发出成功的甜蜜气味的人。他是全体国民的偶像，其他所有人则是国家的蛀虫。
8.Funny.This is how the U.S.was supposed to be.In a famous series of eays collected in his 1976 book，The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism，Daniel Bell noted how the decline of the Protestant small-town ethic had unhinged American capitalism from its moral foundation in the intrinsic value of work..By the 1960s，Bell argued，”The cultural justification of capitalism become hedonism，the idea of pleasure as a way of life.” In a 1969 cover story titled “California: A State of Excitement”，Time reported that，as most Americans saw it，”the good，godle，gregarious pursuit of pleasure is what California is all about…”I have seen the future，”says the newly returned visitor to California，”and it plays.”
真是可笑！这本该是没过的摸样嘛！丹尼尔贝尔1976年出版《资本主义文化矛盾》一书，书中收录的一系列注明文章，他描述了新教徒小镇式道德观的衰落怎样动摇了没过资本主义的道德基础和对工作内在价值的认识。20世纪60年代，贝尔声称，“资本主义文化经过拨乱反正已变成了享乐主义文化，享受称谓生活的一种方式。”1969年《时代周刊》一篇名为《加利福尼亚：充满刺激之州》的封面故事中写道，“追寻美好的、非宗教的、交际性的快乐已经成了加利福尼亚的全部。每个刚去过加州的人都说，‘我看到了未来，自由自在的娱乐在发挥作用。”当时绝大多数美国人对报道中提及的情况都说有目共睹的。’
10.If the primary goal is simply to reduce cheating, then there are a variety of strategies to consider, including increased proctoring, encouraging faculty to use multiple versions of exams and not to recycle old tests and exams, aggreively faculty using plagiarism detection software, and employing stronger sanctions to
punish offenders.But while such strategies are likely to reduce cheating, I can’t imagine many people would want to learn in such an environment.As educators, we owe our students more than this, especially when cheating may reflect cynicism about what they perceive as eroding moral standards in the academy and in society.如果主要目的只是减少作弊,就可以考虑采取各种各样的措施:更严格的监考,鼓励教师采用多种版本的试题,不要循环使用旧考题,更积极地使用剽窃检测软件,以及对作弊者进行更严厉的惩罚。尽管这些措施很可能减少作弊,但很难想象人们会愿意在这样的环境中学习。作为教育者,我们为学生提供的东西应该比这些更多.Today’s students seem to be le concerned with what administrators and/or faculty consider appropriate behavior and much more concerned with the views and behavior of their peers.今天的学生不太在意学校或教师认为适宜的行为,他们更关心同伴的观点和行为.Regardle of the campus integrity policy, if students see others cheating, and faculty who fail to see it or choose to ignore it, they are likely to conclude that cheating is neceary to remain competitive.尽管学校有关学术诚信的政策,如果学生目睹别人作弊而未被教师发现,或教师干脆置之不理,他们可能会认为,为了维持竞争力,有必要采取欺骗行为.7.The great modern social myth is that the family is a “plastic” institution，capable of being molded to meet changing needs.现代社会的一大妄言是认为家庭是具有“可塑性”的制度，可以因适应不断变化的需求而改变。In fact，efforts to live in a world of pluralistic family forms result in mounting social disorder that governments can neither control nor reverse.实际上人们对于家庭形式多元化的尝试使社会秩序愈发混乱，而政府既不能控制也不可能扭转这种混乱局面。
Common sense，the leons of history and the work of anthropologists actually point to the family as a universal and neceary institution.It is commonly defined as a man and a woman bonded together through a socially approved covenant of marriage to regulate sexuality;to provide mutual care and support;to create a home economy;to bear，raise and protect children;and to maintain continuity between the generations.我们的常识、历史教训以及人类学家的研究实际上都认为家庭是一种普遍而必要的制度。家庭通常的定义是：一男一女通过社会认可的婚姻契约连结在一起，以便规范性行为，相互关心，相互支持，建立家庭经济，生养并保护孩子，使家庭血脉代代相传。
Most human societies are either monogamous（one man married to one woman）or polygynous(one man with multiple wives).These alternatives appear to be rooted in human nature and represent the only enduring” choice ”a society really has.这种非此即彼的选择植根于人的天性，代表了社会唯一长久持续的选择。（7）Fatherlene is approaching a rough parity with fatherhood as a defining feature of childhood.父爱缺失几科和父爱一样，正在成了童年生活的一大特征。
This astonishing fact is reflected in many statistics, but here are the two most important: Tonight, about 40 percent of U.S.children will go to sleep in likely to spend a significant portion of childhood living apart from their fathers.Never before in this country have so many children been voluntarily abandoned by their fathers.Never before have so many children grown up without knowing what it means to have a father.很多数据都反映出这一令人吃惊的现象，但最重要的两个数据是：今夜约有40%的美国孩子将在没有父亲的房里入睡。一半多的孩子可能在童年时期有相当一部分的时间是与父亲分
开过的。这个国家从来没有如此多的儿童被他们的父亲主动抛弃。从来没有如此多的孩子在其成长过程中不知道拥有父亲意味着什么。
Fatherlene is the most harmful demographic trend of this generation.It is the leading cause of the decline in the well-being of children.It is also the engine driving our most urgent social problems, from crime to adolescent pregnancy to domestic violence.Yet, despite its scale and social consequences, fatherlene is frequently ignored or denied.Especially within our elite discourse, it remains a problem with no name.关于这一代人的人口统计显示出的倾向中，父爱缺失是最糟的一项。它是儿童生活幸福度下降的罪魁祸首，也是产生犯罪、青少年怀孕、家庭暴力等严重社会问题目的根源。然而尽管父爱缺失这一问题普遍存在且后果严重，却经常被忽略被否认。尤其是在我们的精英话语中，父爱缺失仍是一个未被清楚地认识到的问题。
9.Historically, the most obvious example of sex bias has been paying women le than men for doing the same work.Although unlawful，the practice is pervasive，and even now，after years of strong feminist（and other）efforts to correct this inequity，women still earn only seventy cents for every dollar earned by men.This is wage inequality，not to be confused with the gla ceiling，which denies women the opportunity to advance up the corporate ladder(which also，of course，impinges on wage increase.)Let’s say you’re a woman working as a publicity director for a large corporation，and you earn $35,000;your male earning $50,000.You and he have almost identical curriculum vitae-in fact，you went to the same college，worked together at another company，and then each of you got your ”dream job.” 有史以来，性别歧视最明显的例子就是女性与男性同工不同酬。这种做法虽不合法，但却很普通。即使在今天，虽然女权主义者（及其他人士）多年来努力纠正这种不平等的状况，女性的工资仍然只有男性的百分之70.这就是“工资不平等”现象。不要将其与“玻璃天花板”（妇女在之物升迁上遇到的无形屏障）现象相混淆，“玻璃天花板”限制了女性晋升至公司高层的机会（当然，着同样影响了加薪）。比如说你是名女性，在一家大公司做宣传部经理。你的工资是35000美元。同为宣传部经理，在同一家公司另一部门任职的男同事却可以挣50000美元。他的资历与你相当——确切的说：你们同一所大学，同在另一家公司供过事，然后你们都找到了“理想的工作”。
(9)Although there have been laws against employment discrimination for more than a hundred years in the United States，they varied from state to state.Not until some thirty years ago did Title VII（in addition to prohibiting discrimination based on race，color，religion，and national origin）establish federal uniformity，making it unlawful to discriminate against females-or，for that matter，males-on the basis of their sex。On-the-job gender discrimination occurs when an employee is treated differently from a person of the opposite sex under similar circumstances for reasons based solely on the employee’s sex.在美国，尽管反对就业歧视的法律已经存在了一百多年，但各州法律却不尽相同。直到30年前的平权法案第七条（在禁止基于种族、肤色、宗教信仰和原籍歧视之外）才统一了关于性别歧视的联邦法律，规定对女性——或就此而言，对男性——基于性别上的歧视是非法的。在相同的环境下，仅仅由于性别的原因，雇员就被与其异性同事区别对待，这就是工作上的性别歧视。
Historically, the most obvious example of sex bias has been paying women le than men for doing the same work.Although unlawful，the practice is pervasive，and even
now，after years of strong feminist（and other）efforts to correct this inequity，women still earn only seventy cents for every dollar earned by men.This is wage inequality，not to be confused with the gla ceiling，which denies women the opportunity to advance up the corporate ladder(which also，of course，impinges on wage increase.)有史以来，性别歧视最明显的例子就是女性与男性同工不同酬。这种做法虽不合法，但却很普通。即使在今天，虽然女权主义者（及其他人士）多年来努力纠正这种不平等的状况，女性的工资仍然只有男性的百分之70.这就是“工资不平等”现象。不要将其与“玻璃天花板”（妇女在之物升迁上遇到的无形屏障）现象相混淆，“玻璃天花板”限制了女性晋升至公司高层的机会（当然，着同样影响了加薪）。
In these “uniformed” cases，the problem is not one of wage or promotion，but of limited opportunities to perform the task for which these women were hired or were qualified to perform.在这些“穿制服”的事例中，问题并不在于薪水或是升迁，而是在于那些女雇员或有能力的女性完成任务的机会受到了限制。The time-worn excuse of denying certain jobs to females in order to “protect” them from damage to their reproductive systems or poible harm to an unborn fetus has been held by the courts to constitute sex discrimination.Similarly，restricting the weight that females can be required to lift on a job or the number of hours they may work，in order to “protect” them，also constitutes sex discrimination.In the same way, height and weight standards adversely affect job poibilities for women and are illegal unle it can be demonstrated that they are a bona fide occupational requirement of the job, that is，neceary for performance.说什么为了保护女性的生殖系统不受到伤害或者保护未出生胎儿免受损害，用这些陈腐的理由来拒绝给女性提供工作，已被法律视为性别歧视。为保护女性（显然是限制其被雇佣的机会）而在工作中限制其所该提起的重量或其所能工作的时间，除非能证明它们是工作所必需的合法职业条件，即是开展工作的必要条件。
11.But the American future didn’t turn out as we expected.While Europeans cut the hours they spend at the office or factory-in France it is illegal to work more than 35hours a week-and lengthened their vacations，Americans were concluding that you could be happy only if you work hard and play hard.So they began to stay at their jobs longer than ever and then，in jam-packed weekends at places like the Hamptons on Long Island，invented the uniquely American concept of scheduled joy，filling a day off with one appointment after another，as if it were no different from one at the office.American conservatives，meanwhile，came to believe that Europeans’ desire to devote themselves to the pleasures of life and would，in any event，end in economic tears.但美国的未来并没有称谓我们所期待的那样。当欧洲人缩短在办公室或工厂工作的时间——在法国一周工作时间超过35个小时就是非法的——延长假期时，美国人却认为只有努力工作平明玩耍才是幸福的。因此美国人工作的时间开始变得比以往任何时候都长，然后将日程安排得慢慢的，去诸如位于长岛的汉普顿等地度周末，美国人创造了独特的美国式的概念，按计划娱乐，休息日排满了一个有一个的日程，好像节假日与工作日没什么区别似的。同时美国的保守者们认为：真是遗憾啊，欧洲人渴望全身心地去享受生活，一年6周的假期是欧洲人不负责任的表现，无论如何欧洲人最终会为经济的衰退而痛哭流涕。
Why du Europeans and Americans differ so much in their attitude toward work and leisure? I can think of two reasons.First，the crowded confines of Western Europe and the expansive space of North America have led to varied consumer preferences.Broadly speaking，Americans value stuff-SUVs，7，000-sq.-ft.houses-more than
they value time，while for Europeans it’s the opposite.Second，as Bell predicted，America’s sense of itself as a religious nation has revived.At least in the puritanical version of Christianity that has always appealed to Americans，religion comes packaged with the stern meage that hard work is good for the soul.Modern Europe has avoided so melancholy a leon.为什么欧洲人和美国人对待工作和娱乐的态度有如此大的发差呢？我能想到两个原因。首先是西欧拥挤的环境和北美广阔的空间导致了不同的消费倾向。从广义上将，美国人对实实在在的东西例如运动型多功能车，7000平方英尺房子的重视甚于他们对时间的重视。对欧洲人来说，情况恰恰相反。其次，正如贝尔所预言的那样，美国宗教意识思想复苏，至少清教徒式的基督教历来迎合美国人的心意。严厉的教条规劝人们：努力工作对于灵魂升华是有益的。而现代的欧洲已没有了这种苦行课。
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