从卡特福特的翻译转换理论看医学演讲中演示文件的翻译由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“卡特福德翻译转换理论”。
一、引言
1.背景。近年来，随着国家经济的腾飞，科技发展和文化繁荣，国际间医学领域的学术交流日益频繁。主要表现在高等教育机构、研究机构之间的交流与互访、不同类型的学术研讨会数量不断增加。不但对医务人员、研究人员的英语交际能力、演讲及展示能力提出了更高的要求，更对医学翻译人员的能力提出了更高的要求。本文拟采用某一医学领域的学术交流大会上的演示幻灯为素材，以卡特福特的翻译转换理论为指导，结合医学英语的特点，指出其中的不足之处并为今后的实践工作积累经验，提供参考。
2.卡特福特的翻译转换理论。卡特福特是英国著名的语言学家和翻译理论家，其著名的A linguistic Theory of Translation《翻译的语言学理论》是英国翻译理论语言学派的代表作，在西方翻译理论界产生了极其深远的影响。《翻译的语言学理论》深受韩礼德的系统功能语法理论以及J.R.弗斯的影响。卡特福特认为任何翻译理论都必须采用某种语言的理论，即普通语言学理论。语言本身是一种固有模式，是形式（form），不是实体（substance）。语言具有三个层次，实体、形式和语境。实体（包括语言实体和字型实体）和语境都是超语言的。语言内部层次就是这些媒介的形式，是对实体的一种抽象。语言主要是在不同的层次（如语音、词形、语法及词汇）和级阶（句子、分句、片语、词及词素等）发挥其交际功能。
卡特福特定义翻译为：Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.卡特福特认为谈翻译必然要谈意义。意义是一种语言特征，一篇原语文本具有原语的意义，一篇译语文本具有译语的意义。意义是与任何语言形式或它可能具有的任何形式（文本、文本中的条目、结构、结构成分、类别、体系中的术语）有关系的网络。由语法和词汇的形式语言单位所构成的关系有两个种，一是形式关系，二是语境关系。形式关系在语法里就指语法等级体系里不同等级的条目之间的关系。不同的语言具有不同的语法，所以不可能存在两种语言一样的语法。所以原语和译语的形式关系只能是相似，而非对等。就好比单词的单复数问题。中文弱化了单词的单复数形式，而英语却对单词的单复数形式有着明确的规定。如原语“summary of clinical parameters”，中文只会译为“临床指标/参数总结”，而不会译为“一些或者若干临床指标/参数总结”。因此，正如卡特福特所言，每一个词都有其产生于该系统与其他词语互为依存的“价值”，形式关系不可能达到完全的等值。反观语境关系亦然。他认为一个文本的意义是无法完全翻译到另一个文本中去的，至少在一个层次或更多层次上的意义是无法找到对等语，而只是一种替换，将原语的意义移植到译语的意义中。卡特福德强调的语言个性。每种语言都是一个民族文化的凝聚，都受其独特的文化影响，都具有独特的语境系统，而体现语境系统的词汇语法系统也是独特的。故此每一种语言都自成系统。不同的语言存在于不同的系统中。而每一种语言又由无数子系统组成的，所以形式对应关系最多不过是粗略的近似，原语条目和译语条目显然几乎不可能具有相同的形式关系和语境关系。由此产生出形式对应（formal corresondence）和文本等值（textual equivalence）的区分。文本等值指某个词或句子在特定情景中的含义，是可以翻译的；而形式对应指一个词同其语法系统之间的关系，由于各种系统之间存在差异，所以翻译具有不可译性。但是他提出译者的主要任务是寻求内容的等值。他认为把翻译理论与语义与语法作用的分析紧密结合起来，从语言的使用技巧谈论翻译，认为翻译旨在产生一种与原文语义等值的译文。理论的目的在于说明如何从词汇和语法结构上产生这种语义的等值。因而产生翻译转换，即“在从原语到目的语的过程中背离了形式对应。”
卡特福特认为有两种转换：层次转换（level shift）；范畴转换（shift of category）。卡特福特进一步将范畴转换分为四种，结构转换、词类转换、单位转换和内部体系转换。
二、医学英语的特点
医学英语一般是“指医务人员、各医疗部门在临床应用、科研及教学、医学基础及医学服务等实践中所使用的专门语言。”医学英语属于专用英语，具有措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑紧密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定以及具有各种严格的应用文书等语体特征。医学英语主要源于拉丁语、希腊语、法语词汇。本文拟以某一医学领域的学术交流大会上的演示文件为例，对其中的文本材料进行分析，总结归纳出医学英语的若干特点。
1.缩略法。由于多数医学英语的词汇较长的原因。为方便沟通和交流，常常将某一个词组中的首字母组合成为一个新的词汇。例如，IOS=impulse oscillometry，FOT= forced oscillation technique，FEV=，EFL=expiratory flow limitation等等。
2.专业化。医学英语属于专用英语，是指与医疗行业、学科或目的相关的英语，有着独特的词汇、短语、句法结构以及惯用表达模式和规范等，从而满足医疗行业的特定需要，并实现技能的专业化。如Larynx，咽喉；Trachea，气管；Alveoli，肺泡；spirometry，呼吸量测定法等等，均有专门的词汇表达特定的含义。
3.合成词。医学英语中广泛使用旧词合成新词的方法。如bronchodilation支气管扩张；extrathoracic胸腔外的；hyperresponsivene气道高反应性。
4.名词化。医学英语中大量使用了名词化的词语。如elasticity of peripheral lung，retraction forces，dimensions of peripheral airways。既满足医疗行业的特定需要，又符合演示文件信息浓缩，表达简洁的特点。
三、从卡特福特的翻译转换理论看医学演示文件的翻译
以下以医学某一领域的学术报告PPT为例。参照卡特福特的翻译转换理论，对比原语与译语文本，探讨如何运用转换理论最大可能地达到翻译等值，从而为翻译实践工作总结积累经验，提供参考。
1.翻译等值。在翻译过程中，最理想的状态当然是达到形式和文本的等值。但由于英语和中文的语言特点和语法的不同，形式和文本往往不能两者兼具。而在PPT文本翻译中，由于PPT本身主要仅为满足报告人与听众简单的交流而服务，文本简洁、易懂，主要以翻译单词、短语以及短句为主。因此我们可以在追求内容等值的前提上，尽量做到文本相似。
例文一：
原文：“Graduate of the Technical University in Dresden，Diploma in Electronics and Information Techniques，Certified Engineer.”
译文：“毕业于得累斯顿工业大学，专业电子和信息技术，注册工程师。”例文一需要翻译的主要是简单的介词短语以及单词的音译，译文与原文在语义上一致，而在文本上译文亦与原文大致相似。
2.范畴转换。
（1）单位转换（unit shifts）或级阶转换（rank shifts）：这类转换指目的语的翻译等值与原语处于不同的级阶。这里的“级阶”指分为层级的语言单位，如句子、从句、词和词素。
例文一：
原文：1976-1979 R&D in Funkwerk Koepenick，Berlin.Development of commercial computerized wirele communication systems.译文一：柏林Funkwerk Koepenick公司从事商业微机控制无线通讯系统的研发。
译文二：1976-1979年就职于柏林Funkwerk Koepenick公司的研发部门，主要参与商业计算机控制无线通讯系统的开发。
对比两个译文，不难发现译文根据英语以及中文的语法特点分别进行了级阶转换。原文中为两个并列的短语，并分别有两个限定词“in Funkwerk Koepenick，Berlin”和“of commercial computerized wirele communication system”修饰R&D和development。但是在译文一中，译文转换为一个句子。“in Funkwerk Koepenick，Berlin”变为句中的主语，而“of commercial computerized wirele communication system”成为修饰宾语的定语。级阶从短语转换为句子。同样的，译文二也对文本进行了调整，成为一个主从复合句。对第一个修饰词做了与译文一同样的处理，而第二修饰词则成为了分句，起到补充说明主句的作用。然而，译文二根据中文的特点，将原句拆分为主句和分句，除了在形式上与原文最为接近外，也更加符合中文的行文习惯。
（2）词类转换（cla shifts）：包括从一种词类转换成另一种词类。
例文二：
原文：Effortle examination
译文一：测试简单易行、无需用力。
译文二：测试毫不费力。
该句主要是产生了词类转换。原文中effortle是examination的前置定语，在译文一和译文二中，effortle分别翻译为“简单易行、无需用力”及“毫不费力”修饰测试，并转换为了后置定语。
（3）结构转换（structural shifts）：卡特福特认为这是一种最常见的转换形式，主要涉及语法结构的转换。
例文三：
原文：The key concepts of the forced oscillatory respiratory mechanics is the “impedance（Z）”，the spectral（frequency domain）relationship between preure（P）and airflow（V）.译文一：强迫振荡呼吸力学的主要概念是“阻抗（Z）”，压力（P）和流速（V）之间的频谱（频域）关系。
译文二：“阻抗（Z）”是强迫振荡呼吸力学机制的重要概念，也就是压力（P）和流速（V）之间的频谱（频域）关系。参看原文，分句“ the spectral（frequency domain）relationship„”应该是作为主句“The key concepts of the forced oscillatory respiratory mechanics”的补充说明。对比译文一二，译文一背离了原句的意思，使得从句成为了主句的宾语，“阻抗”、“压力”、“流速”三者成为了并列的成分。译文二能理顺主句与分句的意思，在不改变原句意义的情况下，较好地运用目标语言将源语转换，并且为避免产生歧义，将“阻抗”这一概念调整为整个句子的主语，运用了卡特福特翻译转换中的“结构转换”这一技巧，能更好地表达出源语的意义。
四、结语
以上摘取了演示文件的若干文本为例，参考卡特福特的翻译转换理论，对翻译文本进行评析，旨在优化翻译质量，从而为日后工作的开展积累经验，提供参考。
鉴于当前我国的医学翻译人才主要由医护人员或者英语专业的人才组成，同时我国高校英语专业对专业英语的重视度不够，故此我国的医学翻译存在良莠不齐的现象。因此增强对在职医学翻译人才的继续教育，特别是语言学理论的学习，将对我国的医学翻译事业的发展具有极大的推动作用。演示文件主要用于学术会议的报告与交流，其主要作用是提示讲者并为听众展示作者思路和强化要点。因此演示文件的文本特点主要以简单清晰、规范易懂为主，不涉及深层的语义关系。而卡特福特的翻译转换理论主要是从语言学的角度讲翻译过程中层次和结构的对应规则，对语言间的深层语义考虑不多，故此学习卡特福特的翻译转化理论能为演示文件的翻译提供极好的翻译策略。
One, the introduction 1.Background.In recent years, with the country's economic take-off, cultural prosperity and development of science and technology, international academic exchange in the field of medicine is becoming more and more frequent.In institutions of higher education, communication and exchange of visits between research institutions, increasing number of different types of academic seminar.Not only for medical staff, researchers, speech and demonstrate the ability of English communication ability put forward higher requirements, more on the ability of medical translators put forward higher requirements.This paper USES the academic exchanges in the field of a medical conference presentation slide, carter ford's translation theory as a guide, combined with the characteristics of medical English, points out the deficiencies and for the future practical work experience, to provide the reference.2.Carter ford's translation theory.Carter ford was A famous British linguist and Translation theorist, its famous A linguistic and found of Translation, the Translation of the Theory of linguistics is the representative work of English Translation Theory language school, to have the extremely profound influence on Translation theories in the west.The translation theory of linguistics by halliday's systemic functional grammar theory and the influence of J.R.firth.Carter ford thought any translation theory must adopt some language theory, the theory of general linguistics.Language itself is a kind of inherent mode, is a form(form), not the entity(substance).Language has three layers, entity, form and context.Entity(including language and word entities)and context are super language.Language internal level is the form of these media, is an abstract of the entity.Is the main language at different levels(such as phonetic, morphological, grammar and vocabulary)and level(sentences, clauses, phrases, words and morphemes, etc.)play its communicative function.Carter ford defined Translation as: Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.Carter ford think about Translation are bound to talk sense.Meaning is a kind of linguistic features, a former Chinese this is the meaning of the primitive, a translation of the language has the meaning of the target language.Meaning is with any form of language, or it may have any form(text, text entries in the structural components, category, system, structure, terms)in the network.Consists of grammar and vocabulary in the form of a linguistic unit relationship has two kinds, one is in the form of relationship, second, the contextual relationship.Form in syntax refers to the relationship between grammatical hierarchy in the relationship between the different levels of entry.Different languages have different syntax, so there can be no two kinds of language syntax.So the original language and target language in the form of a relationship can only be similar, rather than a peer.The plurality of problems like words.Weakens the plurality, form of the words in Chinese and English but has clear rules for plurality, form of the word.Such as primitive “the summary of clinical parameters”, Chinese will only be translated into “clinical indicators/parameter summary”, rather than as “some or several clinical indicators/parameter summary”.As ford, carter, therefore, every word has its generated in the system with other words interdependent “value”, form relationship is unlikely to be completely equivalent.In contrast, contextual relationship.He thinks that the meaning of a text is unable to complete translation to another in the text, in at least one level or more levels of significance is unable to find a peer, but a replacement, the meaning of the primitive transplanted into the meaning of the target language.Carter ford emphasizes language character.Each language is a condensation of national culture, is influenced by its unique culture, has a unique context systems, and reflect the context words grammar system is unique.Therefore every language form system.Different languages exist in different systems.And every language is composed of many subsystems, so the relationship between form is best, however rough approximation, primitive item and the target language items clearly it is almost impoible to have the same form and context relations.The resulting form the corresponding(formal corresondence)and text equivalent(textual equivalence).Text equivalence refers to a word or sentence meaning in specific situation, can be translated;And form corresponding refers to the relationship between a word and its grammatical system, due to the differences between various systems, so the translation has the untranslatability.But he put forward that the main task of the translator is to seek equivalence of content.He thought the translation theory and combining semantic and syntax analysis, from the use of language skills to talk about translation, think that translation is intended to produce a kind of semantic equivalence translation with the original.Theory to explain how to produce this from the perspective of vocabulary and grammar structure of semantic equivalence.Creating translation, namely, “in the proce of from the original language to the target language from the corresponding style.” Carter ford believes there are two kinds of transformation: hierarchical transformation(level shift);Category transformation(shift of the category).Carter ford further transform category is divided into four kinds, structure transformation, the transformation of parts of speech, unit conversion and internal system transformation.Second, the characteristics of medical English Medical English is generally “refers to the medical staff, the medical department in clinical application, research and teaching, medicine and medical services based on practice in the use of special language.” Medical English belongs to English for special purpose, have the phrase accurately, to expre the objective and logical closely, style is concise, clear meaning, the meaning of fixed and has the characteristics of all kinds of strict application document writing.Medical English mainly comes from the Latin, Greek, French vocabulary.This article in an academic exchanges in the field of medical conference presentation, for example, to analyze the textual material, and sums up out the several characteristics of medical English.1.The abbreviation.Because most of the medical English vocabulary long.For the convenience of communication and exchanges, often to a certain initials into a new word in the phrase.For example, the IOS = impulse moisturiser oscillometry, FOT = forced oscillation technique, FEV =, EFL = expiratory flow limitation and so on.2.Profeional.Medical English belongs to English for special purpose, is refers to the medical industry, the purpose of the subject or related English, has its unique vocabulary, phrases, syntactic structures and idiomatic expreion patterns and specifications, etc., so as to meet the specific needs of the medical industry, and implement the profeional skills.Such as the Larynx, throat;Trachea, Trachea;Alveoli and alveolar;Spirometry, breathing quantity measurement and so on, all have special words expre specific meanings.3.The words here.Medical English is widely used in the synthesis methods of new old words.Such as bronchodilation bronchiectasis;Extrathoracic chest outside;Hyperresponsivene airway hyperresponsivene.4.Nominalization.Heavy use of nominalization in medical English words.Such as the elasticity of peripheral lung, retraction forces, dimensions of peripheral airways.Not only meet the specific needs of the medical profeion, and conform to the concentrated presentation information, expre the characteristics of simple.Third, from the carter ford's translation theory the translation of medical presentation The following to medical academic report PPT as an example of a particular field.Reference to carter ford's translation theory, contrast primitives and translated texts, discues how to apply can achieve translation equivalence transformation theory, to work for translation practice accumulation of experience, to provide the reference.1.Translation equivalence.In the proce of translation, the most ideal state of course is the equivalent to form and text.But because of the language features of English and Chinese and grammar is different, the form and text can not be both.In PPT text translation, mainly due to the PPT itself just to meet the speaker and the audience a simple communication and service, text concise, readable, mainly composed of translating the words, phrases and sentences.So we can be in the pursuit of equivalence on the premise of content, try to be similar to the text.Text a: Original text: “Graduate of the Technical University in Dresden, Diploma in Electronics and Information Techniques, Certified Engineer.” Translation: “fatigued, graduated from the university of technology, specializing in electronic and information technology, registered engineer.” Herewith a need translation mainly by simple preposition phrases and words of transliteration, translation with the original consistent on semantics, and on the text translation is roughly similar to the original.2.The category.(1)unit conversion(unit shifts)or grade order conversion(rank shifts): this kind of transformation refers to the target language translation equivalence with the original language in a different order.Level “order” here refers to the unit is divided into levels of language, such as sentences and clauses, words and morphemes.Text a: Original text: 1976-1979 R&D in Funkwerk Koepenick, Berlin.Development of ltd.computerized wirele communication systems.A: Berlin Funkwerk Koepenick company engaged in the busine of microcomputer control for the development of wirele communication system.Translation 2:1976-1979 in Berlin Funkwerk Koepenick company research and development department, mainly involved in commercial computer control for the development of wirele communication system.Compare the two translations, it is not difficult to find the translation according to the grammatical features of English and Chinese respectively the magnitude order conversion.As two tied for the phrase in the original, and there are two qualifiers “in Funkwerk Koepenick, Berlin”, and “of ltd.www.daodoc.com www.daodoc.com computerized wirele communication system” modify R&D and development.But in one of the translation translation into a sentence.“In Funkwerk Koepenick, Berlin” into a subject in the sentence, and “of ltd.computerized wirele communication system” be modified object attributive.Order from the phrases into sentences.Similarly, in the text has carried on the adjustment, become a complex sentence.Do to the first modifier with the same treatment, while the second modifier became the clauses, have the effect of supplement in the main clause.Two according to the characteristics of the Chinese translation, however, the original resolution is given priority to sentences and clauses, besides the closest to the original in form, also more in line with Chinese writing practices.(2)the parts of speech conversion(cla shifts): including from one part of speech into another part of speech.Herewith two: Original text: Effortle examination A: test is simple, no force.Translation 2: test effortlely.The sentence is mainly produce the parts of speech conversion.Is effortle examination in the original front attributive, in translation and translation 2, effortle respectively translated as “simple, gently,” and “effortle” modify test, and switch to rear attributive.(3)structure transformation(structural shifts): carter ford believes this is one of the most common form of transformation, mainly involves the grammatical structure transformation.Herewith three: Original text: The key concepts of The forced oscillatory respiratory mechanics is The “impedance(Z)”, The spectral(frequency domain)The relationship between preure(P)and airflow(V).A: forced oscillation respiratory mechanics is the main concept of the “impedance(Z), preure(P)and velocity(V)between the spectrum(frequency domain).Translation 2: ”impedance(Z)“ is one of the important concept of forced oscillation respiratory mechanics, namely preure(P)and velocity(V)between the spectrum(frequency domain).See, the original clauses ”the spectral(frequency domain)relationship...“ Should be as The main clause, ”The key concepts of The forced oscillatory respiratory mechanics“ added.Compared the two, translation, the deviated from the original sentence means, leaves a clause as the object of the main clause, ”resistance“, ”preure“, and ”velocity“ has become the coordinate components.www.daodoc.com www.daodoc.com Translation can straighten out the main clause and clauses mean, under the condition of without changing the original sentence meaning, better use to transform the source language and target language and to avoid ambiguity, adjust the concept of ”resistance“ as the subject of the sentence, use the ”structural transformation" in the carter ford translation this technique, can better expre the meaning of the source language.Four, conclusion Won over some text presentation, for example, reference carter, ford's translation theory to the translation text, aims to optimize the quality of translation, and for the future work of gaining experience, to provide the reference.In view of the current medical translation talents in our country is mainly composed of medical personnel or English profeional talent, at the same time for English majors in colleges and universities of profeional English seriously insufficient, therefore our country medical translation exists the phenomenon of the good and bad are intermingled.Therefore strengthen the continuing education of in-service medical translation talents, especially the study of the theory of linguistics, medical translation career development of our country has a great role in promoting.Presentation is mainly used for academic conference reports and the exchange, its main function is to prompt speakers and show the audience the author thought and strengthen key points.So the presentation of text characteristic mainly simple clear, standardized and easy to understand, not involving the deep semantic relations.Ford and carter's translation theory is mainly from the perspective of linguistics in the translation proce of the level and structure of corresponding rules, the language between the deep semantic considering few, therefore learning carter ford's translation transformation theory for presentation to provide excellent translation strategies.
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